juvenile

Juvenile

Is defined by Merriam webster as children or young people,orachild who has not reached the age specified by the law.

Delinquency

As defined by the Cambridge dictionary is a BEHAVIOR, especially when exhibited by a young individual, unlawful o run popular behavior

delinquent

is any person, regardless of age, who has potentially criminal attitude toward others, the community, or legitimate authorities is considered a delinquent. (A social worker’sperspective)

Delinquent person

who consistently violates thesocial more so rnorms uphelp by the community is sometimes referred to as delinquent.

Juvenile Delinquency

An act committed by a minor that violates the penal code of the government with authority over the place in which the act occurred;penal

The committing of those things considered crimes bythecountry;

• Any act, behavior or conduct which might be broughttocourtandjudged whether such is a violation of a law.

doll incapax

between the ages of 7 to 12

Adolescents

who are over 12 but under 18.

Infanticide

- mostly relates to females who are later born,deformed, poor, or illegitimate

Swaddling

- is removing a child's ability to move by wrapping them in an endless bandage; the child may be left unattended.

the Code of Hammurabi,

the first known code from a thousand years ago and dating from 2270 B.C., discussed the abuse of children.

Adult punishment for misdeeds -

Children were subjected to harsh punishments, including the death penalty for small acts, when adults were found guilty of wrongdoing

. Slavery and apprenticeship

- Children were frequently sold into slavery, prostitution, and apprenticeship. They were also occasionally used as political hostages or as security for debts.

Roman law Codification

Roman Law initially only granted immunity to children who were speechless but as the law evolved to reflect a growing understanding of the stages of development, immunity eventually extended to all children under the age of ZigFor males and girls, the legal age of puberty was set at 14 and 12 respectively; anyone under these age limits was subject to criminal prosecution. Liability for kids between the ages of seven and puberty was determined by their ability to discern between right and wrong

Ancient Jewish Law

No death penalty was to be enforced on those offenders under the age of twenty the death often not applied to anyone who is sentence is younger than 17 years

Morality, prostitution, and sex

- Young children were made aware of adult sexuality and even made available for prostitution.The way children were treated in the past would be considered criminal today.

Canon (Church) Law and Roman Law

distinguished between children and adults based on the idea of"ageof responsibility" over 2,000 years ago.

Anglo-Saxion Common Law

- The distinction developed in England at this time between adult and juvenile offenders is important.

Maladjusted delinquents

- their behavior is motivated more by personality disorders than by involvement in gangs or living in slums.

They have a

"weak ego," they are "asocial," and they were severely and early rejected by their parents. With pathological disorders.they are disorganized.

Houses of Refuge

- Were youthful criminals werekept, foundedinNew York City in 1825.

Orphan asylums

- Children who had been abandoned or orphaned were put in orphanages. Separate facilities for adolescents were established in order to keep away from seasoned adult offenders.

Albert Kircidel Cohen.

The first person to attempt to understand the origins of juvenile delinquency in the society was

Emergence

The youngster starts off with petty theft between the ages of 8 and about the 12th year.

Exploration

- Between the ages of 12 and14, he or she may transition from exploration to stealing and vandalism.

Explosion

- At age 13, the variety and seriousness significantly expand

Conflagration

- Around the age of 15, four or more new sorts o fcrime are introduced.

Unsolicited Aggression

- occurs when a person feels rejected or abandoned and has no parents to model their behavior after.

Socialized Delinquency

- is the practice of joining fraternities or other organizations that promote poor behavior

Over-inhibited

- group a covertly trained overly- intimidated gang that engaged in criminal activities like marijuana growing.

Authority

- conflict pathway - begins fromayoungagewithobstinate conduct. This results in resistance, followed by a desire to shun authority.

Covert pathway

- Starts with small-scale, dishonest behavior that leads to property devastation. This behavior eventually progresses to more serious criminal action.

Overt pathway

- leads to violent behavior that starts off as aggression and progresses to physical conflict and eventually bloodshed.

Malicious

- an act of disobedience

Negativistic

- changeable, pessimistic sentiments like discontentment with status.

Non utilitarian graffiti

- style vandalism with little regard for utility

Hedonistic behavior

- is when terrible acts are done forfun.

Socialized delinquents

- are those who develop criminal tendencies as a result of their social interactions with others who with others who uphold erroneous ideals. They are more likely to become property violators than violent offenders.

Neurotic delinquents

- are young, develop delinquent tendencies as a result of personality and world view aberrations. They could engage in criminal behavior as a result of their doubts about their manhood. They may become deviant because of some anxiety or neurotic compulsion

Psychotic delinquents

- are youths suffer from serious from serious personality disorders often have warped views of the world and the people in it. They often do not plan crimes, in contrast to socialized criminals. Their distorted view of reality and their delusional thoughts may compel them to commit weird acts that violatethelaw

Sociopathic delinquents .

- are young people who lack or have little empathy for others and have an egotistical disposition. Because of this character defect, they can easily victimize others with little or no anxiety or guilt. A sociopathic element is present in man ydelinquents, but not all delinquents are sociopaths. Many violent gangsters are sociopathic

Environmental delinquents

- they are the occasional lawbreakers.

Emotionally maladjusted delinquents -

These criminals are habitual lawbreakers who have made violating the law something they cannot stop doing.

Psychiatric delinquents

- They are people who develop criminal behavior as a result of mental illness or severe emotional problems in the family

1. Occasional delinquents.

- These criminals interact with one another as a group. They share or resemble one another'straits.They support social causes. They follow the lead of others

Gang delinquents

- typically commit the most serious offenses,are more frequently committed to a correctional facility, and frequently continue a pattern of semi-professional criminal activities as adults.

Anti-social behavior

- A trait of anti-social conduct iscontemptordisobedience for authority

Truancy

- is the practice of skipping class without avalidexcuse.This is frequently caused by:

Vagrancy

- is the act of straying fromone's residence.Possiblereasons include:

Demonological Theory

• This ideology advocated the idea that people who commit crimes while their bodies are possessed by evil spirits should not be held accountable for their deeds.

Classical Theory

• Cesare Becarria and Jeremy Bentham proposed this.

Utilitarian Viewpoint, This was predicated on the idea that humans are intelligent, have free will, and can thus make degisions.

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• It advocated the concept that people choose criminal min the same way they choose conformity, and that young people commit crimes because they believe or believe that they may achieve more good through conformity.

Hedonism

is the belief that pursuing pleasure will allow one to fulfill their moral obligations and is the ultimate good in life.

General Deterrence:

Punishing criminals and delinquents will instill dread in the minds of bystanders, reducing their propensity to engage in criminal or delinquent behavior.

Specific Deterrence

Punishment will instill dread in the heats of wrongdoers, reducing their likelihood of offending people again.

1. Incapacitation

is the most basic kind of jurisdiction; wrongdoers should be imprisoned because, while they are housed in a facility, they are unable to harm others outside of it.

1. Retribution

is a defense against the notion that punishing criminals will have any positive or constructive effects.

Positive or Italian Theory

• The scientific method, according to positivists, might be used to determine the root causes of juvenile

Critical Theory

The exploration and clarification of the nature of juvenile delinquency in this theory is guided by the notions of power, influence, inequality, and conflict. According to this idea, the imbalance of power in human society is to blame for crime. Bag

Lombrosian Theory

1. Criminals frequently exhibit a number of stigmata, or identifying physical traits, such as symmetrical features, enormous jaws, gigantic or protruding ears, and receding chins.

2. Criminals are atavistic people with distinct personalities and mindsets. Due of their antiquated

General Inferiority Theory

Earnest Hooton suggested this. The following premises underlie this theory:

1. Because criminals were initially lower-class human beings, crime is the product of the environment's influence on them.

2. There are crimes because there are some low-class individuals who commit them.

Endomorphs

are people that are often chubby, rounded, and soft, with short arms and legs.

Mesomorphs

are people with strong, athletic bodies and assertive, aggressive personalities. Delinquency exists because mesomosphic guys or young people are the ones who produce it.

Ectomorph

are persons who are generally thin and have brittle, lean bodies.

Genetic Theory

• Genetic material (genes) is transmitted through DNA.

• Men with extra Y chromosomes (Jacob's syndrome), who are taller and have a 10 to 20% higher inclination to break the law than genetically normal XY guys, are aggressive and hence more likely to commit crimes.

Psychological Theories

These ideas presupposed that:

Delinquency is the outcome of underlying, internal disorders. A

• These disorders start in childhood and often stick aroung permanent traits of the person.

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• Since the person has issues, the person must be the center of attention if the issue is to be resolved.

Psychogene Theories

These are the views that attribute criminality to childhood impulses rather than the environment in which the child grows up.

ID

is the part of the personality that is unconscious and is predominated by the desire (cravings) for pleasure as well as innate sexual and violent urges

EGO

The reasoning side of the personality, the ego, develops from the ID. It represents personality traits related to problem solving

SUPEREGO

- develops from the ego. It ign representation of the person’s moral, standards and values

The Low - IQ Theory

• Individuals with lower intelligence are more likely to engage in criminal or delinquent behavior due to Poor Decision-Making SkillsWeaker Problem-Solving Abilities etc.

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Theory

Juvenile delinquency is caused by immaturity and hyperactivity.

Social Disorganization Theory

disorganized areas are unable to exert social control over acting-out youth

• These areas are characterized by a high level of change, flear, instability, incivility, poverty, and deterioration.

• Therefore, the quality and atmosphere of the community that teenagers are made to live in, rather than any personal character or feature, are what lead to delinquency.

Anomie Theory

normlessness is caused by rapidly shifting moral standards and is known as anomie (lack of norm).

When certain goals cannot be achieved using available techniques, this occurs.

• Anomie is a state when social norms have crumbled and no longer control how members of society act.

Strain Theory

The argument makes the claim that certain classes are denied legitimate access to opportunities and objectives that are culturally set, and the ensuing dissatisfaction leads to illegal behaviors or rejection of society's goal.

Differential Opportunity Theory

delinquent subcultures thrive in the lower classes and adopt certainfirms, ensuring that the resources needed for both legal and illegal achievement are fairly dispersed.

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• They claimed that the varieties of criminal subcultures vary depending on the environment in which they emerge. They claimed that the level of integration in the community had an impact on the varrous delinquent subcultures.

Differential association theory

• kids will turn into delinquents if they acquire meanings that are more advantageous to breaking the law than following it inside the the group.

Social Learning Theory

According to this hypothesis, people learn how to behave through observation, either directly through close relationships with others or indirectly through the media. Reputable interactions are imitated, whereas punishable ones are shunned.

Drift Theory (Neutralization Theory)

It suggests that young people feel morally obligated to obey the law. Most of the time, a person is stuck in this situation between themselves and the law. In the absence of it, criminals will stay

Labelling Theory - Howard Becker

* The idea that being labeled as "deviant" can lead a personito act more like a deviant. It's not just the act itself that makes someone a criminal or a troublemaker-it's also how society reacts to them.

Social Control Theory - Travis Hirschi

Individuals inside a society develop relationships with other individuals within that community or institution, such as parents, professional friends, churches, schools, teachers, and sports teams.

Self-Derogation Theory

Interactions with our family, school, and classmates that undermine our sense of self will lessen all drive to increaselour self-esteem and motivation to fit in. These relationships and acts could be either self-defeating or self- enhancing.

Self-Control Theory

It makes the case that deviation results from a lack of self-control rather than from the presence of certain forces or causesdike poverty, anomie, and chances for deviance, as well as from having delinquent friends and being exposed to definitions that suppont deviance, etc.