Test 1 ZL

Antonie van leeuwenhoek

Improved the first microscope

Who invented the first microscope

Zaccharias Janssen

Han Janssen

Robert Hooke

Coined the term Cells

Who is the Father of microscopy

Robert Hooke

Superphylum Stramenopila

Includes diatoms and brown and yellow algae

Stramenopila characteristics of movement

Two whip-like flagellae

Has hair like extensions that enhance movement

Colonial

Organisms that make identical copies of themselves and live together as a colony

How do stramenopoles get their energy

Convert light energy to chemical energy

Photoautotrophs

Do not consume other organisms for energy and use light energy

Primary producers

The base of the food chain on which all other animals depend

What type of producers are stramenopiles

Primary producers

Where are Protista viridiplantae found

Both marine and freshwater habitats

What type of producers are viridiplantae

Primary

Are viridiplantae parasitic

some of them are

What is a synapomorphy of Viridiplantae

presence of chlorophyll a and b

Examples of viridiplantae

Volvox globator

Euglena gracillis

Trypanosoma cruzi

Zooids

Cells that form an outer parameter

Is Volvox globator asexual or sexual

colonies can form sexually or asexually

How do Volvox globator swim

Flagella

What is Euglena gracilis characterized by

Two heterokont flagella

Pellicle

A specialized structure of the cell wall that is organized like aluminum siding to give protection

Where is E.gracilis commonly found

fresh water ponds and lakes

What are transparent parts of the cell

Vacuole

Obligate parasites

Must have a host to live

What disease does T. cruzi cause

Chagas disease

What disease does T. brucei cause

Sleeping sickness

What vector causes Chagas disease

Kissing bug

What vector causes sleeping sickness

Tsetse flies

What does T.cruzi attack

Muscle tissue

What does T.brucei attack

Nervous tissue

Leukocytes

White blood cells

What is a synapomorphy of Superphylum Aveolata

The presence of a distinct sac-like alveolus or depression on the cell surface

What is the only parasitic Protozoan in Superphylum Avleolata

Plasmodium falciparum

Where are Avleolates normally found

Fresh or marine water

Cilia

Hair like projections off the cell that help them move

Dinoflagellates

Alveolates with a very distinctive morphology

What habitat are Dinoflagellates found

Marine but some have adapted to freshwater

Red tides

Dinoflagellates can build up neruotoxins and can kill off other marine life near them

Zooxanthillae

Symboinots to sea anemones and corals they provide protection to the Zooxanthillae

Plasmodium falciparum

Protist that causes malaria

Apical complex

What differs P. falciparum from other protists

What represents the Superphylum Parabasalida

Trichomanas vaginalis

What is a synapomorphy of T. vaginalis

Axostyle

What synapomorphys do amoebas have

none

Pseudopodia

Arm like appendages amoebas have that pull it forward

Hyaline cap

The tip of the pseudopodium in amoebas is also fluid and also appears glassy

Asymmetry

A condition in which an animal cannot be cut into two equal portions

Asymmetry example

Phylum Porifera

Radial symmetry

Occurs when there are two or more ways in which an animals body could only be cut to produce equal halves that are mirror images of each other

Biradical symmetry

an animal that can be cut with two planes to produce equal halves

Radial symmetry examples

Jellyfish, sea anemones, sea stars, sand dollars

Bilateral symmetry examples

Humans

Bilateral

A body can split into two equal halves left and right

Cephalized

Animals with bilateral symmetry that have all of their sense organs in their head and typically only move one direction

Radial plane

In radially symmetry animals any plane that can divide the body into equal halves

Oblique plane

Any plane that does not divide the body into equal halves

What is the oral surface of a jellyfish

Subumbrellar

Oral surface

The surface of the body where the mouth is located

Aboral surface

The opposite of the oral surface

Umbrellar surface

The aboral surface in jellyfish

Proximal

Close to the central core

Distal

Far from the core

Embryogenesis

Most of young animals also differentiate into the basic type of embryotic tissues that will eventually be used to construct body tissues

Morula

Embryo after a zygote divides into two daughter cells

Cleavage

The cells divide to form eight cells then sixteen and so on

Blastula

hollow sphere of the cell after cleavage

Blastomeres

Cells of a morula or blastula

Polar bodies

The three excess cells produced during meiosis in the female

Gastrulation

Formation of the stomach

Endoderm

Deepest levels of tissue and lines the lumen of he Archenteron

Ectoderm

The outermost layer and lies in direct contact with the environment

Mesoderm

A layer that is situated between the ectoderm and endodermal layers

Cellular grade

Constructed by loosely articulating clusters of cells

Ablastic

The arrangement of cellular grade organisms

Diploblastic

A distinct deep layer endoderm and a distinct superficial layer ectoderm. Also lacks a mesodermal layer

Triploblastic

Has all three types of embryonic tissue

Four basic categories of adult tissues

Epithelial tissues

Connective tissue

Muscle tissues

Nervous tissues

Epithelial tissues

specialized layers of cells that provide a protective barrier between the outside of an animal and other tissues of the animal or different regions of the same animal

Basal lamina

The layer of cells is attached to a common sheet of protein fibers that serves to align the cells

Apical end

The surface of each cell facing the space

What are different types of epithelia named for

Number of cell layers in the epithelium

Shape of cells

Stratified

If multiple layers in the epithelia are evident

Pseudostratified

Cells of an epithelium are of variable size but in which all cells contact the basal lamina

Squamous

Flat rectangular or cigar shaped cells

Columnar

Tall rectangular cells

Cuboidal

Cells that are square and round

Ligaments

Connective tissue that binds skeletal elements together

Tendons

Connective tissue that binds muscles to skeletal elements

Skeletal muscle

Responsible for the movement of the bones

Dark bands

A bands

dArk

Lighter bands

I bands

l(I)ght

Nervous tissue

Responsible for rapid transmission of information

Dendrite

Point of each neuron

Choanocyte

filters food for the sponge

Three grades of complexity among sponges

Asconoid

Syconoid

Leukonoid

Megascleres

The elements used to classify sponges into larger taxonomic levels

What synapomorphies are Class Calcarea Class Hexactinllida an Class Demospongaie all have

Spicules made of calcium carbonate

Presence of oscular spicules

What are members of Class Hexactinnelida commonly known as

Glass sponges

What synapomorphies do members of Class hexactinnelida have

Spicules compose of silicon and hexaxonix

Spicules are joined together and for a solid scaffold

Class hexactinnelida examples

Venus flower basket