Organisms that make identical copies of themselves and live together as a colony
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How do stramenopoles get their energy
Convert light energy to chemical energy
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Photoautotrophs
Do not consume other organisms for energy and use light energy
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Primary producers
The base of the food chain on which all other animals depend
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What type of producers are stramenopiles
Primary producers
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Where are Protista viridiplantae found
Both marine and freshwater habitats
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What type of producers are viridiplantae
Primary
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Are viridiplantae parasitic
some of them are
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What is a synapomorphy of Viridiplantae
presence of chlorophyll a and b
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Examples of viridiplantae
Volvox globator
Euglena gracillis
Trypanosoma cruzi
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Zooids
Cells that form an outer parameter
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Is Volvox globator asexual or sexual
colonies can form sexually or asexually
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How do Volvox globator swim
Flagella
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What is Euglena gracilis characterized by
Two heterokont flagella
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Pellicle
A specialized structure of the cell wall that is organized like aluminum siding to give protection
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Where is E.gracilis commonly found
fresh water ponds and lakes
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What are transparent parts of the cell
Vacuole
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Obligate parasites
Must have a host to live
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What disease does T. cruzi cause
Chagas disease
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What disease does T. brucei cause
Sleeping sickness
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What vector causes Chagas disease
Kissing bug
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What vector causes sleeping sickness
Tsetse flies
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What does T.cruzi attack
Muscle tissue
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What does T.brucei attack
Nervous tissue
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Leukocytes
White blood cells
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What is a synapomorphy of Superphylum Aveolata
The presence of a distinct sac-like alveolus or depression on the cell surface
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What is the only parasitic Protozoan in Superphylum Avleolata
Plasmodium falciparum
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Where are Avleolates normally found
Fresh or marine water
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Cilia
Hair like projections off the cell that help them move
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Dinoflagellates
Alveolates with a very distinctive morphology
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What habitat are Dinoflagellates found
Marine but some have adapted to freshwater
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Red tides
Dinoflagellates can build up neruotoxins and can kill off other marine life near them
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Zooxanthillae
Symboinots to sea anemones and corals they provide protection to the Zooxanthillae
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Plasmodium falciparum
Protist that causes malaria
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Apical complex
What differs P. falciparum from other protists
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What represents the Superphylum Parabasalida
Trichomanas vaginalis
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What is a synapomorphy of T. vaginalis
Axostyle
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What synapomorphys do amoebas have
none
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Pseudopodia
Arm like appendages amoebas have that pull it forward
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Hyaline cap
The tip of the pseudopodium in amoebas is also fluid and also appears glassy
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Asymmetry
A condition in which an animal cannot be cut into two equal portions
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Asymmetry example
Phylum Porifera
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Radial symmetry
Occurs when there are two or more ways in which an animals body could only be cut to produce equal halves that are mirror images of each other
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Biradical symmetry
an animal that can be cut with two planes to produce equal halves
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Radial symmetry examples
Jellyfish, sea anemones, sea stars, sand dollars
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Bilateral symmetry examples
Humans
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Bilateral
A body can split into two equal halves left and right
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Cephalized
Animals with bilateral symmetry that have all of their sense organs in their head and typically only move one direction
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Radial plane
In radially symmetry animals any plane that can divide the body into equal halves
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Oblique plane
Any plane that does not divide the body into equal halves
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What is the oral surface of a jellyfish
Subumbrellar
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Oral surface
The surface of the body where the mouth is located
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Aboral surface
The opposite of the oral surface
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Umbrellar surface
The aboral surface in jellyfish
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Proximal
Close to the central core
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Distal
Far from the core
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Embryogenesis
Most of young animals also differentiate into the basic type of embryotic tissues that will eventually be used to construct body tissues
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Morula
Embryo after a zygote divides into two daughter cells
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Cleavage
The cells divide to form eight cells then sixteen and so on
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Blastula
hollow sphere of the cell after cleavage
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Blastomeres
Cells of a morula or blastula
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Polar bodies
The three excess cells produced during meiosis in the female
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Gastrulation
Formation of the stomach
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Endoderm
Deepest levels of tissue and lines the lumen of he Archenteron
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Ectoderm
The outermost layer and lies in direct contact with the environment
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Mesoderm
A layer that is situated between the ectoderm and endodermal layers
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Cellular grade
Constructed by loosely articulating clusters of cells
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Ablastic
The arrangement of cellular grade organisms
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Diploblastic
A distinct deep layer endoderm and a distinct superficial layer ectoderm. Also lacks a mesodermal layer
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Triploblastic
Has all three types of embryonic tissue
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Four basic categories of adult tissues
Epithelial tissues
Connective tissue
Muscle tissues
Nervous tissues
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Epithelial tissues
specialized layers of cells that provide a protective barrier between the outside of an animal and other tissues of the animal or different regions of the same animal
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Basal lamina
The layer of cells is attached to a common sheet of protein fibers that serves to align the cells
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Apical end
The surface of each cell facing the space
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What are different types of epithelia named for
Number of cell layers in the epithelium
Shape of cells
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Stratified
If multiple layers in the epithelia are evident
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Pseudostratified
Cells of an epithelium are of variable size but in which all cells contact the basal lamina
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Squamous
Flat rectangular or cigar shaped cells
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Columnar
Tall rectangular cells
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Cuboidal
Cells that are square and round
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Ligaments
Connective tissue that binds skeletal elements together
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Tendons
Connective tissue that binds muscles to skeletal elements
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Skeletal muscle
Responsible for the movement of the bones
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Dark bands
A bands
dArk
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Lighter bands
I bands
l(I)ght
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Nervous tissue
Responsible for rapid transmission of information
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Dendrite
Point of each neuron
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Choanocyte
filters food for the sponge
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Three grades of complexity among sponges
Asconoid
Syconoid
Leukonoid
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Megascleres
The elements used to classify sponges into larger taxonomic levels
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What synapomorphies are Class Calcarea Class Hexactinllida an Class Demospongaie all have
Spicules made of calcium carbonate
Presence of oscular spicules
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What are members of Class Hexactinnelida commonly known as
Glass sponges
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What synapomorphies do members of Class hexactinnelida have
Spicules compose of silicon and hexaxonix
Spicules are joined together and for a solid scaffold