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Antonie van leeuwenhoek

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Antonie van leeuwenhoek

Improved the first microscope

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Who invented the first microscope

Zaccharias Janssen

Han Janssen

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Robert Hooke

Coined the term Cells

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Who is the Father of microscopy

Robert Hooke

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Superphylum Stramenopila

Includes diatoms and brown and yellow algae

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Stramenopila characteristics of movement

Two whip-like flagellae

Has hair like extensions that enhance movement

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Colonial

Organisms that make identical copies of themselves and live together as a colony

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How do stramenopoles get their energy

Convert light energy to chemical energy

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Photoautotrophs

Do not consume other organisms for energy and use light energy

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Primary producers

The base of the food chain on which all other animals depend

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What type of producers are stramenopiles

Primary producers

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Where are Protista viridiplantae found

Both marine and freshwater habitats

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What type of producers are viridiplantae

Primary

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Are viridiplantae parasitic

some of them are

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What is a synapomorphy of Viridiplantae

presence of chlorophyll a and b

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Examples of viridiplantae

Volvox globator

Euglena gracillis

Trypanosoma cruzi

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Zooids

Cells that form an outer parameter

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Is Volvox globator asexual or sexual

colonies can form sexually or asexually

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How do Volvox globator swim

Flagella

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What is Euglena gracilis characterized by

Two heterokont flagella

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Pellicle

A specialized structure of the cell wall that is organized like aluminum siding to give protection

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Where is E.gracilis commonly found

fresh water ponds and lakes

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What are transparent parts of the cell

Vacuole

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Obligate parasites

Must have a host to live

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What disease does T. cruzi cause

Chagas disease

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What disease does T. brucei cause

Sleeping sickness

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What vector causes Chagas disease

Kissing bug

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What vector causes sleeping sickness

Tsetse flies

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What does T.cruzi attack

Muscle tissue

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What does T.brucei attack

Nervous tissue

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Leukocytes

White blood cells

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What is a synapomorphy of Superphylum Aveolata

The presence of a distinct sac-like alveolus or depression on the cell surface

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What is the only parasitic Protozoan in Superphylum Avleolata

Plasmodium falciparum

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Where are Avleolates normally found

Fresh or marine water

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Cilia

Hair like projections off the cell that help them move

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Dinoflagellates

Alveolates with a very distinctive morphology

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What habitat are Dinoflagellates found

Marine but some have adapted to freshwater

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Red tides

Dinoflagellates can build up neruotoxins and can kill off other marine life near them

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Zooxanthillae

Symboinots to sea anemones and corals they provide protection to the Zooxanthillae

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Plasmodium falciparum

Protist that causes malaria

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Apical complex

What differs P. falciparum from other protists

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What represents the Superphylum Parabasalida

Trichomanas vaginalis

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What is a synapomorphy of T. vaginalis

Axostyle

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What synapomorphys do amoebas have

none

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Pseudopodia

Arm like appendages amoebas have that pull it forward

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Hyaline cap

The tip of the pseudopodium in amoebas is also fluid and also appears glassy

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Asymmetry

A condition in which an animal cannot be cut into two equal portions

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Asymmetry example

Phylum Porifera

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Radial symmetry

Occurs when there are two or more ways in which an animals body could only be cut to produce equal halves that are mirror images of each other

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Biradical symmetry

an animal that can be cut with two planes to produce equal halves

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Radial symmetry examples

Jellyfish, sea anemones, sea stars, sand dollars

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Bilateral symmetry examples

Humans

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Bilateral

A body can split into two equal halves left and right

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Cephalized

Animals with bilateral symmetry that have all of their sense organs in their head and typically only move one direction

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Radial plane

In radially symmetry animals any plane that can divide the body into equal halves

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Oblique plane

Any plane that does not divide the body into equal halves

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What is the oral surface of a jellyfish

Subumbrellar

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Oral surface

The surface of the body where the mouth is located

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Aboral surface

The opposite of the oral surface

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Umbrellar surface

The aboral surface in jellyfish

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Proximal

Close to the central core

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Distal

Far from the core

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Embryogenesis

Most of young animals also differentiate into the basic type of embryotic tissues that will eventually be used to construct body tissues

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Morula

Embryo after a zygote divides into two daughter cells

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Cleavage

The cells divide to form eight cells then sixteen and so on

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Blastula

hollow sphere of the cell after cleavage

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Blastomeres

Cells of a morula or blastula

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Polar bodies

The three excess cells produced during meiosis in the female

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Gastrulation

Formation of the stomach

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Endoderm

Deepest levels of tissue and lines the lumen of he Archenteron

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Ectoderm

The outermost layer and lies in direct contact with the environment

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Mesoderm

A layer that is situated between the ectoderm and endodermal layers

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Cellular grade

Constructed by loosely articulating clusters of cells

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Ablastic

The arrangement of cellular grade organisms

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Diploblastic

A distinct deep layer endoderm and a distinct superficial layer ectoderm. Also lacks a mesodermal layer

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Triploblastic

Has all three types of embryonic tissue

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Four basic categories of adult tissues

Epithelial tissues

Connective tissue

Muscle tissues

Nervous tissues

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Epithelial tissues

specialized layers of cells that provide a protective barrier between the outside of an animal and other tissues of the animal or different regions of the same animal

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Basal lamina

The layer of cells is attached to a common sheet of protein fibers that serves to align the cells

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Apical end

The surface of each cell facing the space

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What are different types of epithelia named for

Number of cell layers in the epithelium

Shape of cells

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Stratified

If multiple layers in the epithelia are evident

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Pseudostratified

Cells of an epithelium are of variable size but in which all cells contact the basal lamina

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Squamous

Flat rectangular or cigar shaped cells

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