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Central Dogma
The framework for understanding the transfer of sequence information between DNA, RNA, and proteins.
Transcription
The process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA.
Translation
The process by which ribosomes synthesize proteins using the information in mRNA.
Post-Translational Modification
The chemical modifications made to a protein after its translation, such as phosphorylation or glycosylation.
RNA polymerase
An enzyme responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template during transcription.
Capping
The addition of a 7-methyl guanosine cap to the 5' end of an mRNA transcript.
Tailing
The addition of a poly-A tail to the 3' end of an mRNA transcript to enhance stability and translatability.
Splicing
The process of removing introns from pre-mRNA and joining exons together to form a mature mRNA transcript.
Alternative Splicing
A regulated process during gene expression that results in a single gene coding for multiple proteins.
Codon
A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid.
Amino Acid
The building blocks of proteins, each determined by a specific codon.
Eukaryotic Transcription
The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template in eukaryotic cells, which involves complex regulation.
Promoter
A region of DNA where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription.
Enhancer
Regulatory DNA sequences that can increase transcription levels of associated genes.
Repressor
A protein that binds to a promoter or enhancer region to inhibit gene transcription.
Transcription Factors
Proteins that help regulate the transcription of genes by binding to nearby DNA.
Termination Sequence
A specific sequence in DNA that signals the end of transcription.
MicroRNA (miRNA)
Small RNA molecules that regulate gene expression by targeting mRNA for degradation or inhibiting translation.
Introns
Non-coding sequences in pre-mRNA that are removed during RNA processing.
Exons
Coding sequences in pre-mRNA that remain and are joined together during splicing.
cDNA
Complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template, often used for cloning or expressing genes in prokaryotes.
siRNA
Small interfering RNA that play a role in regulating gene expression by degrading mRNA.
Ribosome
A cellular structure that synthesizes proteins by translating mRNA into an amino acid sequence.
Translation Factors
Proteins that help facilitate the process of translation.
