informatics midterm

health informatics

intersection of information science, computer science, and health care. Deals with resources, devices, and methods required to optimize acquisition, storage, retrieval, and use of information in health

health is...

subjective, individual, and most important characteristic of life itself

medicine is..

multidisciplinary, based on the natural sciences in its study of disease

bioinformatics

analysis of biological information using computers and statistical techniques

what is the information hierarchy?

the organization and structure of health-related data and information.

starting from the base: data, information, knowledge, wisdom

what is data?

unorganized information

what is information?

organized data

what is knowledge?

what you learned

what is wisdom?

experience

levels of data

level 1: nonelectric data (paper forms)

level 2: unstructured, viewable electronic data (scans of paper forms)

level 3: structured, viewable electronic data (electronically entered data that cannot be computed by other systems)

level 4: computable electronic data (electronically entered data that can be computed by other systems)

Health information technology (HIT)

the use of technology, particularly information systems and digital tools, to manage and exchange health information. encompasses the acquisition, storage, management, and retrieval of patient information to support patient care and improve the efficiency of healthcare delivery.

what is DICOM?

(Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine)

a set of rules, or protocols, that allows imaging systems to share info on a network

what is HL7?

Health Level 7 - standards that aid in the exchange of data among hospital systems

Information brokerage

sharing of a variety of information back and forth between people and healthcare entities

what is EHR?

electronic health record; contains a patient's lifelong medical records.

accessible to the patient via the internet and is transferable to other providers

the records are stored must be secure from intrusion and reliable

what is the goal of HIT?

improve communication and quality of care, reduce medical errors, standardize medical care, accelerate access to care, protect privacy and ensure security

who are the key players involved in health informatics?

patients, clinicians and nurses, support staff, public health, federal and state governments, medical educators, insurance companies (payers), hospitals, medical researchers, technology vendors; Institute of medicine (IOM), Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC)

how many deaths occur yearly due to medical errors?

98,000

what is the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA)?

improve medical quality, patient saftey, healthcare efficiency and reduce health disparities; engage patients and families; improve care coordination; ensure adequate privacy and security of personal health information; improve population and public health

what barriers to health information technology (HIT) adoption?

Inadequate time, inadequate information, inadequate expertise and workforce, cost, lack of interoperability, change in workflow, privacy, legal, behavioral change

what is interoperability?

communication

what are the key elements of informatics?

acquisition, storage, communication, manipulation, display

what is a bit?

A binary digit, a 0 or a 1.

what is a byte?

8 bits

what is a character?

several bytes

what is a string?

A sequence of characters

what are file formats?

A file format is a layout for how data and information is stored and organized.

-image: JPG, GIF, PNG

-text: txt, doc

-sound files: WAV, MP3

-video files: MPG

what is the difference between informatics and IT and computer science?

Informatics manipulates information and looks at the application of information and technology in various domains while IT searches and sorts data and manages and maintains technology infrastructure

what are the methods that convert data to information to knowledge?

conceptual model and computational model

conceptual model

the model of an application that the designers want users to understand. Users build a model in their minds of how it works

computational model

the use of computers to simulate and study complex systems using mathematics, physics, and computer science

what helps to convert data into information?

vocabularies

clinical data warehouse

a shared database that collects, integrates and stores clinical data from a variety of sources

warehouse that stores information

what are clinical records composed of?

structured data (lab results, billing codes), unstructured data (free text, clinical notes)

how is clinical data collected?

by electronic health records

van der Lei

Data shall be used only for the purpose for which they were collected. This law has a collateral: If no purpose was defined prior to the collection of the data, then the data should not be used.

what is EHR designed for?

real time updating of individual data

in health care, what is a search called?

data mining

what is a noscomal infection?

hospital acquired infection

how are CDW used as a clinical resource?

monitor quality to query for specific quality measures in specific patient populations

what does "make clinical data meaningful" mean?

turn data to information

algorithm

a set plan to follow to treat patients

can be used to learn a representation of features that characterize annotated positive and negative cases

what makes informatics difficult?

semantic gap

what is semantic gap?

the difference between data and information = meaning

in healthcare, computers and programming languages process...

discrete symbols according to precise formal rules. they do not make sense of a highly ambiguous information

Network

interconnected collections of autonomous computers and peripheral devices. Can monitor and control users access to resources

what is LAN?

Local Area Network - a network that connects computers within a limited area such as a school or office

what is WAN?

Wide Area Network; uses long-range telecommunication, links across country or continent

what is a centralized computer network?

a closed system. computing takes place on the mainframe

what is a decentralized computer network?

a open system. computing takes place on client/server (LAN,WAN)

what are transmission media?

wired media (phone line, DSL), ethernet cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic media, radio media

RJ45

phone line; slowest transmission media; travels at 10 megabits/sec

DSL

phone line on steroids; travels at 50 megabits/sec

ethernet cable

wired network connections; travels at 100 megabits/sec

(cat 5,6,7,8); max cable length is 320 ft

COAX

tv line; travels at 100 megabits/sec; very susceptible to interference

fiber optics

thin glass fibers that use total internal reflection to carry light; orange; travels at 1000 megabits/sec; once cut, will never work again; high cost and difficult to install

what are transmitters/receivers?

network interface cards, modems, bridges, gateways, routers

what is a network operating system?

manages communication over a network; authentication, file security, connection to resources

what is wired media?

analog; data is transmitted along these conductors in the form of changing electrical voltages

what is the slowest media?

RJ45

what is the fastest media?

fiber optic

what are network interface cards?

takes the digital signal and puts it into the computer

what is a modem?

changes signal from analog to digital

what is a router?

traffic cops; controls speed and stop collisions

what controls the server?

network operating server

what is a gateway?

allows access on the same address; failitate connections between two or more networks employing similar protocols

what is a bridge?

connects two different addresses

what is a firewall?

protects the network

what allows access on the same address?

gateway

what allows access on two different addresses?

bridges

what ensures network security and safeguards the integrity of data?

firewall

wireless communication

The transfer of information between two or more points that are handheld and portable

what are the wireless speeds?

a, b, c, g, n, x

what is the fastest wireless speed?

x

what is the slowest wireless speed?

a

What is the speed of light?

186,000 miles per second

what is bandwith?

speed; how much data CAN be pushed can be pushed across a connection in a given amount of time

what are protocols?

how the connection is made between the machines; a set of rules that defines a method for transmitting data between different devices over a network.

understanding where information comes from...

ensures that a healthcare professional will maximize the information resource

what is the purpose of an information system?

to automate- so you don't have to interact

to control

to simplify- less than 3 clicks

to maximize productivity- patients in, patients out; need to make money

what is ENIAC?

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, developed in 1946

what are the computer types?

personal computer- not too powerful

workstation- quad processors

mainframes- centralized

supercomputer- powerful; bioinformatics

what is the most powerful computer type?

supercomputer

what are servers?

decentralized, powerful machines that serve many users and handle many transactions

what are digital devices?

combinations of 0's and 1's

what are analog devices?

measures physical property or quantity

what serve many users and handle many transactions?

servers

1024 bytes

1 kilobyte

digital points of reference conversions

1024 bytes= 1 kilobyte

1024 kilobytes= 1 megabyte

1024 megabyte= 1 gigabyte

1024 gigabyte= 1 terabyte

How many bytes are there in a kilobyte?

1024 bytes

what is a CPU?

Central Processing Unit; the brain of the computer; responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations

what are the parts of a CPU?

ALU, Control Unit

what is a control unit?

part of the CPU that controls the glow of data between various parts of the CPU

what is a ALU?

Arithmetic logic unit, component of CPU that performs arithmetic/logical operations

what executing instructions and performing calculations on a computer?

CPU

what is a harddrive?

device on the computer that stores all of the application

what are two enemies of the computer?

dust, heat, magnet

what is RAM?

Random Access Memory; stores temporary information for quick access

DRAM is...

dynamic random access memory; it is volatile memory; provides high speed data access to the CPU

DRAM is organized into...

a matrix of rows and columns; needs to be divisible by two