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health informatics
intersection of information science, computer science, and health care. Deals with resources, devices, and methods required to optimize acquisition, storage, retrieval, and use of information in health
health is...
subjective, individual, and most important characteristic of life itself
medicine is..
multidisciplinary, based on the natural sciences in its study of disease
bioinformatics
analysis of biological information using computers and statistical techniques
what is the information hierarchy?
the organization and structure of health-related data and information.
starting from the base: data, information, knowledge, wisdom
what is data?
unorganized information
what is information?
organized data
what is knowledge?
what you learned
what is wisdom?
experience
levels of data
level 1: nonelectric data (paper forms)
level 2: unstructured, viewable electronic data (scans of paper forms)
level 3: structured, viewable electronic data (electronically entered data that cannot be computed by other systems)
level 4: computable electronic data (electronically entered data that can be computed by other systems)
Health information technology (HIT)
the use of technology, particularly information systems and digital tools, to manage and exchange health information. encompasses the acquisition, storage, management, and retrieval of patient information to support patient care and improve the efficiency of healthcare delivery.
what is DICOM?
(Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine)
a set of rules, or protocols, that allows imaging systems to share info on a network
what is HL7?
Health Level 7 - standards that aid in the exchange of data among hospital systems
Information brokerage
sharing of a variety of information back and forth between people and healthcare entities
what is EHR?
electronic health record; contains a patient's lifelong medical records.
accessible to the patient via the internet and is transferable to other providers
the records are stored must be secure from intrusion and reliable
what is the goal of HIT?
improve communication and quality of care, reduce medical errors, standardize medical care, accelerate access to care, protect privacy and ensure security
who are the key players involved in health informatics?
patients, clinicians and nurses, support staff, public health, federal and state governments, medical educators, insurance companies (payers), hospitals, medical researchers, technology vendors; Institute of medicine (IOM), Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC)
how many deaths occur yearly due to medical errors?
98,000
what is the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA)?
improve medical quality, patient saftey, healthcare efficiency and reduce health disparities; engage patients and families; improve care coordination; ensure adequate privacy and security of personal health information; improve population and public health
what barriers to health information technology (HIT) adoption?
Inadequate time, inadequate information, inadequate expertise and workforce, cost, lack of interoperability, change in workflow, privacy, legal, behavioral change
what is interoperability?
communication
what are the key elements of informatics?
acquisition, storage, communication, manipulation, display
what is a bit?
A binary digit, a 0 or a 1.
what is a byte?
8 bits
what is a character?
several bytes
what is a string?
A sequence of characters
what are file formats?
A file format is a layout for how data and information is stored and organized.
-image: JPG, GIF, PNG
-text: txt, doc
-sound files: WAV, MP3
-video files: MPG
what is the difference between informatics and IT and computer science?
Informatics manipulates information and looks at the application of information and technology in various domains while IT searches and sorts data and manages and maintains technology infrastructure
what are the methods that convert data to information to knowledge?
conceptual model and computational model
conceptual model
the model of an application that the designers want users to understand. Users build a model in their minds of how it works
computational model
the use of computers to simulate and study complex systems using mathematics, physics, and computer science
what helps to convert data into information?
vocabularies
clinical data warehouse
a shared database that collects, integrates and stores clinical data from a variety of sources
warehouse that stores information
what are clinical records composed of?
structured data (lab results, billing codes), unstructured data (free text, clinical notes)
how is clinical data collected?
by electronic health records
van der Lei
Data shall be used only for the purpose for which they were collected. This law has a collateral: If no purpose was defined prior to the collection of the data, then the data should not be used.
what is EHR designed for?
real time updating of individual data
in health care, what is a search called?
data mining
what is a noscomal infection?
hospital acquired infection
how are CDW used as a clinical resource?
monitor quality to query for specific quality measures in specific patient populations
what does "make clinical data meaningful" mean?
turn data to information
algorithm
a set plan to follow to treat patients
can be used to learn a representation of features that characterize annotated positive and negative cases
what makes informatics difficult?
semantic gap
what is semantic gap?
the difference between data and information = meaning
in healthcare, computers and programming languages process...
discrete symbols according to precise formal rules. they do not make sense of a highly ambiguous information
Network
interconnected collections of autonomous computers and peripheral devices. Can monitor and control users access to resources
what is LAN?
Local Area Network - a network that connects computers within a limited area such as a school or office
what is WAN?
Wide Area Network; uses long-range telecommunication, links across country or continent
what is a centralized computer network?
a closed system. computing takes place on the mainframe
what is a decentralized computer network?
a open system. computing takes place on client/server (LAN,WAN)
what are transmission media?
wired media (phone line, DSL), ethernet cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic media, radio media
RJ45
phone line; slowest transmission media; travels at 10 megabits/sec
DSL
phone line on steroids; travels at 50 megabits/sec
ethernet cable
wired network connections; travels at 100 megabits/sec
(cat 5,6,7,8); max cable length is 320 ft
COAX
tv line; travels at 100 megabits/sec; very susceptible to interference
fiber optics
thin glass fibers that use total internal reflection to carry light; orange; travels at 1000 megabits/sec; once cut, will never work again; high cost and difficult to install
what are transmitters/receivers?
network interface cards, modems, bridges, gateways, routers
what is a network operating system?
manages communication over a network; authentication, file security, connection to resources
what is wired media?
analog; data is transmitted along these conductors in the form of changing electrical voltages
what is the slowest media?
RJ45
what is the fastest media?
fiber optic
what are network interface cards?
takes the digital signal and puts it into the computer
what is a modem?
changes signal from analog to digital
what is a router?
traffic cops; controls speed and stop collisions
what controls the server?
network operating server
what is a gateway?
allows access on the same address; failitate connections between two or more networks employing similar protocols
what is a bridge?
connects two different addresses
what is a firewall?
protects the network
what allows access on the same address?
gateway
what allows access on two different addresses?
bridges
what ensures network security and safeguards the integrity of data?
firewall
wireless communication
The transfer of information between two or more points that are handheld and portable
what are the wireless speeds?
a, b, c, g, n, x
what is the fastest wireless speed?
x
what is the slowest wireless speed?
a
What is the speed of light?
186,000 miles per second
what is bandwith?
speed; how much data CAN be pushed can be pushed across a connection in a given amount of time
what are protocols?
how the connection is made between the machines; a set of rules that defines a method for transmitting data between different devices over a network.
understanding where information comes from...
ensures that a healthcare professional will maximize the information resource
what is the purpose of an information system?
to automate- so you don't have to interact
to control
to simplify- less than 3 clicks
to maximize productivity- patients in, patients out; need to make money
what is ENIAC?
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, developed in 1946
what are the computer types?
personal computer- not too powerful
workstation- quad processors
mainframes- centralized
supercomputer- powerful; bioinformatics
what is the most powerful computer type?
supercomputer
what are servers?
decentralized, powerful machines that serve many users and handle many transactions