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Test 2/25
What was President Roosevelt’s major concern?
He was focused on domestic issues surrounding the Great Depression
What did the Neutrality Act prevent?
The first Neutrality Act prevented the United States from providing weapons to nations at war
The second act banned loans to nations at war
The third act permitted trade of nonmilitary goods with fighting nations, but it had to be paid in cash and transported by cargo themselves
What was the goal of the neutrality act?
The neutrality act prevented the U.S. from selling arms even to nations that were trying to defend themselves from aggression
What did the third policy in the Neutrality act become known as?
It became known as “cash and carry”
In the early years of WWII what was the American policy?
The American Policy was to remain neutral while making war supplies available to Britain
After the German invasion, how did American’s feel towards the U.S.?
They began to feel that the United States shared the Allies’ interests
What did Roosevelt request from Congress?
Roosevelt asked Congress to revse the Neutrality Acts to make them more flexible
Who created the America First Committee and why?
Isolationists formed the America First Committee to protest increasing American aid to Britain
Who was a famous member of the First American Committee?
Charles Linberg was the leader
What happened in December 1940?
Britain confessed to its inability to pay cash for supplies
What was Roosevelt’s response to Britain’s confession?
Roosevelt announced a new plan to provide war supplies to Britain without any payment in return
How did America’s First Committee react to Roosevelt’s announcement?
They protested and wanted to block any further aid to Britain
What act did Congress pass in March 1941?
Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act that authorized the President to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American security
During the early years of WWII what did the U.S. attempt?
The U.S. tried to remain neutral while supplying weapons to Britain and France
What did Roosevelt do to Japan in July 1940?
Roosevelt began limiting what Japan could buy from the United States
Who was General Tojo Hideki?
He was a militant army officer who supported war against the United States who became prime minister of Japan in October 1941
What led Americans to learn about the Pearl Harbor attack?
A Japanese top secret code had been cracked and American military leaders knew by November 27 to expect a Japanese attack in the Pacific
What happened on December 7, 1941?
Japanese warplanes attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbor on the Hawaiian island of Oahu
How many Americans were killed in the attack on Pearl Harbor?
In less than two hours, thousands of Americans were killed and wouned
How did Americans react to the attack on Pearl Harbor?
They were stunned
What did Roosevelt declare on December 7, 1941?
Roosevelt declared December 7, 1941 as “a date which will live in infamy”
What did Congress pass on December 8th?
Congress passed a war resolution and Roosevelt signed a declaraion of war on Japan
In response to the declaration of war on Japan, how did Germany and Italy react?
Germany and Italy declared war on the United States
What did Japan leaders believe would happen when they attacked Pearl Harbor?
Japan leaders believed they could cripple the American naval fleet by attacking Peal Harbor
Who were the Allies in WWII and who were the Axises?
Allies: America, Russia, Britain, France, and China
Axises: Germany, Italy, and Japan
What realization did Roosevelt have regarding the armed forces?
Roosevelt realized that he had to strengthen the armed forces if the United States were to enter World War II on the side of the Allies
What was the Selective Training and Service Act?
The Selective Training and Service Act was part of Congress’s first peacetime draft, and it required all males ages 21 to 36 to register for military services
How many Americans served as soldiers, sailors, and aviators in the war? What were they called?
More than 16 million Americans served and they were known as GIs aka “Government Issue”
To strengthen the armed forces, what did Roosevelt push companies to do?
Roosevelt pushed industries to move quickly into the production of war equipment (I.e, Tanks, ships)
Why was the Office of War Mobilization created?
The OWM was created to centralize agencies dealing with war production
Did companies keep producing consumer goods?
No, the production of consumer goods stopped, factories converted to war production
Instead of cars, what did Ford Motor Company build to help the war?
Ford Motor Company built B-24 bombers with the same assembly-line techniques used to manufacture cars
What production technique did Henry J. Kaiser introduce into the war production?
Henry J. Kaiser introduced mass-production techniques into ship building and cut the time needed to build one type of ship from 200 days to 40 days
What ships made Henry J. Kaiser famous?
Liberty Ships, which were large, sturdy merchant ships that carried supplies or troops
What helped the U.S. emerge from depression?
Producing goods for the allied forces helped the U.S. emerge from the depression
As a result of war production, what also increased?
As war production increased so did employment and Union membership
What did unions do in response to the war?
During the war, unions organized strikes took place in the coal mines
How did the U.S. finance the war?
The U.S. vowed to spend whatever was necessary to sustain the war effort, so the Federal Government:
Launched Bond Drives
Raised Income taxes
Used Deficit Spending (borrowed money)
Although the war provided more jobs and extra cash, what was the prevalent issue?
There were still shortages and rationing limited the goods that people could buy
What was the American home front characterized as?
The American home front was characterized by patriotism and high morale
How did the Office of War maintain high morale for American’s citizens?
The OWM encouraged citizens to participate in the war effort through media efforts by creating poster and ads that stirred patriotism
What is V-E Day?
V-E Day is known as “Victory in Europe Day” and it is the landing of allied forces on Frances Normandy Coast
What was the Yalta Conference?
The Yalta conference, which was months before the fall of Berlin, is when Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta in the Soviet Union to discuss the shape of the postwar world.
What did the leaders agree on during the Yalta conference?
The leaders agreed to:
To split Germany into four zones, each under the control of a major ally, including France.
They planned to divide Berlin
Stalin promised to allow free election in the nations of Eastern Europe that his army had liberated from the Germans
Stalin also promised to enter the war against Japan, Stalin did fulfill any of these promises
What made Roosevelt organize a top-secret project?
Einstein suggested an incredibly powerful new type of bomb could be built by the Germans. This led to the top secret Manhattan-Project to develop the atomic bomb before the Germans.
Where did scientists field-test the world’s first atomic bomb?
The world’s first atomic bomb was tested in the desert of New Mexico
What was a result of the dropping of the Atomic bomb?
The dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki finally brought an end to WWII.
When was the formal surrender agreement signed?
The formal surrender agreement was signed on September 2, 1945
What was the Executive Order, 8802?
Executive order 8802 opened jobs and job training programs in defense plants to all Americans, “without discrimination because of race, creed, color, or nationa origin.”
Where African-Americans and White soldiers equal during war?
No, they were segregated on the war front and discriminated against at home. AA’s face discrimination in housing employment and education in the North
What is CORE and what did they believe in?
CORE stands for ‘Congress of Racial Equality,’ and they believed in using nonviolent techniques to end racism.
What are braceros?
Braceros were Mexican farm laborers brought to work in the United States
What were “Cotalkers”?
Cotalkers were Navajo radio operators who helped secure communications in the Pacific
How did Japanese Americans suffer during the war?
The Federal Government openly practiced discrimination against Japanese Americans
What did the War Relocation Authority do to Japanese Americans?
They removed all people of Japanese ancestry, both citizens and non-citizens, from the West Coat so they could be interned or confined in camps in remote areas far from the coast
What made Americans most uncomfotable with the confinement of Japanese Americans?
The similarties between the internment camps and the German concentration camps
What led the U.S. government to evacuate Japanese Americans from the West Coast?
Long-held prejudices and fears enflamed by the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor led the U.S. government to evacuate Japanese Americans from the West Coast
What was a popular name for women who worked in war-production jobs?
Rose the Riveter since women worked as welders and steel workers
What did the government encourage women to do after the war?
After the war, the government encouraged women to leave their jobs and return home.
