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Engineering

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152 Terms

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Simple Machines
- make effort easier
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- changes direction or magnitude of force applied for work

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Compound Machines
multiple simple machines working together
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6 Simple Machines
- Inclined Plane
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- Wedge

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- Lever

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- Pulley

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- Screw

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- Wheel and Axle

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Inclined Plane
Stationary, flat surface set at angle
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- as distance of slope increases, force decreases, greater mechanical advantage

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Ex:

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- ramp

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- ladder

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- staircase

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SLOPE IS MECH ADVANTAGE

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Wedge
Moving inclined plane that moves through a load
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- thinner the wedge, bigger the mechanical advantage

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SLOPE IS MECH ADVANTAGE

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1st Class Lever
fulcrum between effort and load
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- fulcrum midpoint: no advantage

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- fulcrum close to effort: distance amplified

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- fulcrum close to load: effort amplified

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2nd Class Lever
load between fulcrum and effort
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- load closer to fulcrum, increased mech advantage

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- effort force is amplified

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Ex:

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Wheelbarrow

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3rd Class Lever
effort between load and fulcrum
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- moves load over longer distances and reduces effort

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Ex:

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Baseball bat

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fishing rod

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Wheel and Axle
a simple machine consisting of two circular objects of different sizes; the wheel is the larger of the two circular objects
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- large force applied to axle, greater distance of wheel

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- small force applied to wheel, large torque on wheel

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RADIUS OF WHEEL OR AXLE IS MECH ADVANTAGE

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Pulley
A simple machine that consists of a rope that fits into a groove in a FREE SPINNING wheel
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- Fixed pulley: changes direction of force but no mech advantage

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- Single movable pulley: effort is halved, distance increase by factor of two

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- Block and Tackle: multiple pulleys, effort is reduced but amount of rope is increased

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\# OF PULLEYS AND ROPE LENGTH IS MECH ADVANTAGE

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Screw
a simple machine that consists of an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder
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- converts rotary motion to linear motion

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- large output forces

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Pitch: linear distance traveled in one revolution, small pitch is greater force

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Types of Mechanical Motion:
- Linear: straight line (box up a ramp)
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- Reciprocating: back and forth (saw)

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- Rotary: continuous circular (fan)

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- Oscillating: back and forth along an arc on a pivot (pendulum)

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- Intermittent: starts and stops predictably (clock)

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- Irregular: no pattern (robot)

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Mechanism
A system of mechanical parts connected to a drive source
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- Transfer between types of motion

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- to classify as mechanism, must have a predictable output motion based on known input motion

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Gear
A circular toothed object used to transfer rotary motion and torque from one shaft to another
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Torque
rotational force
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Gear Train
- 2 or more gears in mesh
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- only one gear per shaft

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- small gear to big: more force

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- big gear to small: more speed

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- changes or maintains rotational direction

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In order to Mesh...
Pressure Angle: Angle of the gear tooth itself
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Gear Pitch: Number of gear teeth per arc length

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Pitch Circle: Where the gear teeth meet the circumference of the wheel;

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all must be equal to the second gear in mesh

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Pinion
smaller of two gears
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Compound gear train
two gears of different sizes are locked to the same idler gear shaft. Have a greater ability to increase/decrease rotational speed and torque.
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Drive gear
the input gear
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Driven gear
the output gear
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Idler
bridges the gap between input and output gear, may be used to change rotational direction
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Gear ratio
\# teeth in driving gear (front)/\# teeth in driven gear (rear)
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Spur gear
- straight cut teeth, uses parallel shafts
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Pros: low cost, easy to build, high precision

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Cons: limited distance, not good at high speeds or stress

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Helical Gear
- angled teeth, smoother, greater load capacity
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Pros: less slipping, smoother, greater load

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Cons: costly, runs hotter

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Bevel Gear
- used for perpendicular shafts, tapered teeth, designed in pairs
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Pros: high speed without speed loss

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Cons: difficult to design

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Rack and Pinion
- linear gear (Rack) moving circular spur gear (pinion), converts between rotary and linear motion
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Pros: easiest and cheapest way to slow speed

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Cons: noisy with friction

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Worm gear
- screw and wheel perpendicular to each other
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- causes speed reduction and increase in torque

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Pro: high reduction ratio, self-locking

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Cons: high heat and inefficient

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Cam
rotating machine component that has an irregularly curved outline; transmits a specific or continuous motion to the follower
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Follower
paired with a cam, follows the outline of the cam; transmits reciprocating or oscillating motion to other machine parts.
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Cam Types
- Plate or Disc: follower follows circumference of cam