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Simple Machines

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Simple Machines

  • make effort easier

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  • changes direction or magnitude of force applied for work

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Compound Machines

multiple simple machines working together

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6 Simple Machines

  • Inclined Plane

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  • Wedge

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  • Lever

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  • Pulley

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  • Screw

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  • Wheel and Axle

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Inclined Plane

Stationary, flat surface set at angle

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  • as distance of slope increases, force decreases, greater mechanical advantage

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Ex:

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  • ramp

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  • ladder

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  • staircase

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SLOPE IS MECH ADVANTAGE

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Wedge

Moving inclined plane that moves through a load

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  • thinner the wedge, bigger the mechanical advantage

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SLOPE IS MECH ADVANTAGE

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1st Class Lever

fulcrum between effort and load

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  • fulcrum midpoint: no advantage

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  • fulcrum close to effort: distance amplified

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  • fulcrum close to load: effort amplified

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2nd Class Lever

load between fulcrum and effort

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  • load closer to fulcrum, increased mech advantage

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  • effort force is amplified

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Ex:

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Wheelbarrow

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3rd Class Lever

effort between load and fulcrum

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  • moves load over longer distances and reduces effort

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Ex:

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Baseball bat

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fishing rod

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Wheel and Axle

a simple machine consisting of two circular objects of different sizes; the wheel is the larger of the two circular objects

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  • large force applied to axle, greater distance of wheel

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  • small force applied to wheel, large torque on wheel

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RADIUS OF WHEEL OR AXLE IS MECH ADVANTAGE

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Pulley

A simple machine that consists of a rope that fits into a groove in a FREE SPINNING wheel

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  • Fixed pulley: changes direction of force but no mech advantage

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  • Single movable pulley: effort is halved, distance increase by factor of two

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  • Block and Tackle: multiple pulleys, effort is reduced but amount of rope is increased

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# OF PULLEYS AND ROPE LENGTH IS MECH ADVANTAGE

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Screw

a simple machine that consists of an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder

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  • converts rotary motion to linear motion

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  • large output forces

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Pitch: linear distance traveled in one revolution, small pitch is greater force

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Types of Mechanical Motion:

  • Linear: straight line (box up a ramp)

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  • Reciprocating: back and forth (saw)

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  • Rotary: continuous circular (fan)

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  • Oscillating: back and forth along an arc on a pivot (pendulum)

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  • Intermittent: starts and stops predictably (clock)

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  • Irregular: no pattern (robot)

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Mechanism

A system of mechanical parts connected to a drive source

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  • Transfer between types of motion

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  • to classify as mechanism, must have a predictable output motion based on known input motion

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Gear

A circular toothed object used to transfer rotary motion and torque from one shaft to another

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Torque

rotational force

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Gear Train

  • 2 or more gears in mesh

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  • only one gear per shaft

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  • small gear to big: more force

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  • big gear to small: more speed

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  • changes or maintains rotational direction

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In order to Mesh...

Pressure Angle: Angle of the gear tooth itself

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Gear Pitch: Number of gear teeth per arc length

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Pitch Circle: Where the gear teeth meet the circumference of the wheel;

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all must be equal to the second gear in mesh

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Pinion

smaller of two gears

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Compound gear train

two gears of different sizes are locked to the same idler gear shaft. Have a greater ability to increase/decrease rotational speed and torque.

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Drive gear

the input gear

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Driven gear

the output gear

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Idler

bridges the gap between input and output gear, may be used to change rotational direction

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Gear ratio

# teeth in driving gear (front)/# teeth in driven gear (rear)

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Spur gear

  • straight cut teeth, uses parallel shafts

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Pros: low cost, easy to build, high precision

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Cons: limited distance, not good at high speeds or stress

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