Speech Sound Errors/Disorders

Consonant Chart

Articulation Disorders Characteristics:

• phonetic errors

• inability to produce sound

• problems w/ motor processes

• ability to contrast sounds

• relatively few speech errors in connected speech

• typically not influenced by other language domains

Phonological Disorders Characteristics:

• phonemic errors

• ability to produce sound

• problem with phonological level (i.e., phonemes) of language systems

• inability to contrast sounds

• many errors in connected speech

• influenced by other language domains

Syllable Structure Processes

These processes affect the way syllables are produced; simplified usually in a CV pattern.

• Consonant-Vowel (CV) is ear;iest developing speech pattern

Patterns Include:

• Weak Syllable deletion

• Final Consonant Deletion

• Reduplication

• Cluster Reduction

Weak Syllable Deletion Examples:

• banana → “nana”

• pancake →”pan”

• potato → “tato”

Final Consonant Deletion Examples:

• book → “boo”

• start → “sta”

• name → “na”

Reduplication Examples:

• mommy → “mama”

• water → “wawa”

• bottle → “boo-boo”

Cluster Reduction Examples

tree → “tee”

stop → “top”

blue → “boo”

friend → “fren”

Substitution Processes

Phonemes are substituted with phonemes from another class.

Patterns Included:

• Stopping

• fronting

• deaffrication

• gliding

• vocalization

• idiosyncratic substitution

Stopping:

Child substitutes a friccative/affricate for a stop.

fricative: (/f/, /v/, /s/, /z/, /sh/, /zh/, /th/) or affricates: (/ch/, /j))

to

stops: (/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/)

Examples:

• pass → “pat”

• vacuum → “bacuum”

• shoe → “too”

Fronting:

A chid replaces a sound form the back of the mouth to the front (alveolar sounds).

• Velar Fronting: replacing velar sounds (/k,g/) with alveolar sounds like (/t,d/).

• Palatal Fronting: replacing palatal sounds (/ʃ/ like "sh", /ʒ/ like "zh") with alveolar sounds (/s,z/).

• can also be for any consonants with alveolar sounds

Examples:

• castle → “tassle”

• karen → “daren”

• shoe → “sue”

Deaffrication:

Replacing an affricate sound with a fricative or a stop consonant.

Affricate to fricative: cheese → “sheese”

Affricate to stop: jump → “dump”

Gliding:

Replacing a liquid with a glide.

/r,l/ → /w,j/

Examples:

• ring → “wing”

• red → “wed”

• yellow → “yewow”

• light → “yight”

Vocalization (aka Vowelization)

Replacing a syllable or liquid consonant with a vowel.

Examples:

• teacher → “teachau”

• tiger → “tigu”

• seal → “see-uh”

Idiosyncratic Substitutions

Atypical non-developmental phonological errors where a child replaces a consonant with a random sound.

• no rhyme or reason

Assimilatory Processes

Phoneme are altered due to the phonetic environment

• labial assimilation

• alveolar assimilation

• velar assimilation

• prevocalic voicing

• devoicing

Progressive Assimilation

early sound changed due to later sound

Regressive Assimilation

later sound changed due to earlier sound

Labial Assimilation

When non-labial consonant changes into a labial consonant because it is influenced by another labial consonant.

Example:

• time → “mime”

• table → “bable”

• pen → “peb”

Alveolar Assimilation:

A non-alveolar consonant changes into a alveolar consonant because it influenced by another alveolar consonant.

Examples:

• tape → “tate”

• soup → “tout” or “toup”

• door → “dod”

• stop → “stot”

Velar Assimilation

A non-velar sound changes into a velar sound because of a neighboring velar consonant.

• bike → “kike”

• dog → “gog”

• tack → “kack”

Prevocalic Voicing:

Voiceless consonant becomes voiced.

• pad → “bad”

• good → “kood”

Devoicing

Voiced consonant becomes voiceless.

• beat → “peat”

• cab → “cap”

• breeze → “brees”