Final - Culuminative Exam

POL 222/WGWS 281

That power and politics can occur in the private sphere.

What phenomenon are we better able to understand by studying women and politics?

The appropriate roles, behaviors, and attitudes assigned to men and women by society at a particular political, economic, and cultural moment.

What does gender refer to?

Liberal feminists focus on achieving equality between men and women before the law.

What do liberal feminists focus on?

abstinence, abortion, and infanticide

In what ways did enslaved Black women resist oppression?

Gender is a social construction

What is gender?

Misogyny is best understood as a hatred toward women who refuse to be subordinate.

According to Kate Manne, how is misogyny best understood?

Black feminism

What is the Combahee River Collective Statement an expression of?

interlocking systems of oppression, including racism, sexism, classism, and heteronormativity

What do Black feminists emphasize?

Guyland illustrates how gendered socialization practices can enforce solidarity among men and men's hierarchy over women. 

What does the video Guyland illustrate?

Someone whose gender identity matches the sex they were assigned at birth

What is the definition of cisgender?

Patriarchy is a system in which men have power over women and derive benefit from that power at the expense of women.

What is patriarchy?

Political candidates try to feminize their opponents to make them seem less like leaders. 

According to Meredith Conroy's research, why do political candidates try to feminize their opponents?

Feminism is defined as its opposition to patriarchy

What argument does Lorna Finlayson make about feminism?

Because gender roles often seem natural and thus obscure inequalities and power differentials. 

Why does Diana Koester state that "gender roles are power relations"?

An analytical approach that allows us to identify the overlapping axes of racial and gender oppression that impact Black women's lives. 

What is intersectionality?

Political scientists rely on traditional models of politics, but add an examination of potential differences between males and females.

Which statement best characterizes the "add women and stir" model of politics?

This quote illustrates that many political scientists, including a prominent one like Duverger, viewed women as incapable of participating in politics.

What does this quote by Maurice Duverger illustrate about political science research in the 1950s and 1960s?:  

“Under a democratic system, political activity is essentially adult.  It presupposes that anyone engaging in it takes full responsibility for his fate and does not leave it to another to decide for him.  It is diametrically opposed to any form of paternalism in social relations.  But, while women have, legally, ceased to be minors, they still have the mentality of minors in many fields and, particularly in politics, they usually accept paternalism on the part of men.  The man – husband, fiancé, lover, or myth – is the mediator between them and the political world.  ‘When things go wrong, women blame their husbands, men blame the government’ is a fairly apt summing up of this basic attitude.”

Women are worse off than men under patriarchy, but both groups are worse off compared to a world without patriarchy

According to Lorna Finlayson, what is the "strong" argument to address whether only women suffer under patriarchy? 

Kimmel argues those statements are best understood as defining masculinity.

In Guyland, what argument does Michael Kimmel make about the use of derogatory statements about gay men?

The naive conception is problematic because it suggests misogyny is rare in patriarchal societies.

According to Kate Manne, why is the "naive conception" of misogyny problematic?

benevolent sexism

What concept is illustrated by this statement:  "A good woman should be set on a pedestal by her man"?

nasty 

What was the most common descriptor used by the media to cover vice-presidential candidate Kamala Harris during the 2020 election?

Women's interest in helping their community.

What factor influences women to run for office?

Charlene Mitchell

Who was the first Black woman to run for president?  (Hint:  Rely on class lecture, not your textbook to answer this question.)

Descriptive representation occurs when officeholders "look" like voters.

What is descriptive representation?

Patsy Mink 

Who was the first Asian American woman elected to the U.S. Congress?

It took a while for women to develop the habit of voting

What happened when women obtained the right to vote?

Racial gaps in public opinion tend to be larger than gender gaps in public opinion.  

Which statement is true about gender gaps in public opinion?

Party Identification

What is the most important predictor of political attitudes and vote choice?

Draw a Political Leader tool

How do scholars assess how children think about politics?

The Democratic Party housed Mink at the Playboy Hotel.

What happened when Gwendolyn Mink participated in the planning for a national party convention in 1972?

Women candidates must demonstrate masculine and feminine traits

What is a "double bind" in a campaign context?

Barack Obama

Who described Hillary Rodham Clinton as “likable enough” during a presidential debate?

Women's candidacies are described as relationally embedded because women are more likely to run for office when they receive support from family and friends.

Why are women's candidacies described as relationally embedded?

Republicans are more likely than Democrats to express hostile sexism

Who is more likely to express hostile sexism?

The tendency of women to favor Democratic candidates more than men.

How is the gender gap in voting typically defined?

PACs have helped launch some women into elected office, but women candidates still face obstacles raising campaign funds.

What impact do Political Action Committees (PACs) supporting women have on women candidates?

More women will run for office as they gain the credentials and experience to do so.

What is the pipeline theory?

Sex object, mother, and iron lady

What gendered frames do the media use to cover women candidates?

Trump was viewed as less likable than Clinton by voters, but Clinton was covered by journalists as the one with the "likability problem."

Which statement is true about likability and the 2016 election?

Koester means that gender roles for women and men are a cause and consequence of power relations from the privacy of one's home to top levels of political decision-making.

What does Diana Koester mean when she says that gender is a system of power?

Declaration of Sentiments

Which document exemplifies a rights-based argument about women’s rights?

The private sphere represents home, family, and children; the public sphere represents working outside the home and engaging in governmental matters.

What is the difference between the private and public spheres?

The WCTU supported women's suffrage because they believed women voters would pass laws banning alcohol, which would reduce the abuse of women and children who were harmed by drunk men.

Why did the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) support women’s suffrage?

Ida B. Wells's research documented that whites lynched Blacks to ensure Blacks did not gain economic power

What did Ida B. Wells’s research document?

Jo Ann Robinson

Who was a key figure in the Montgomery Bus Boycott who organized leaflets to communicate and carpool systems to get people to work?

Women were fired from jobs upon marriage.

In the post-World War II era, how were women blocked from employment opportunities?

Sex discrimination they faced within the Civil Rights Movement

What galvanized Black and white women to organize on behalf of women’s rights during the 1960s?

The ERA was passed with bipartisan support well exceeding the two-thirds majority support required by the Constitution.

Which statement best describes support for the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) when it was passed by Congress?

Prohibits discrimination on the basis of race and sex in public accommodations and employment.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964

Because Anthony did not want to lose the support of racist white women in the south in her push for suffrage.

Why did Susan B. Anthony ask Frederick Douglass not to participate in the first southern suffrage meeting in Georgia?

Progress is made on women's rights and then backlash often occurs to maintain the economic and political benefits of patriarchy for men.

Which statement best characterizes the fight for women’s rights in the United States?

Guyland illustrates how gendered socialization practices can enforce solidarity among men and hierarchy over women.

What does the video Guyland illustrate?

Gender roles often appear natural and thus obscure the hierarchy that allows men to benefit at women's expense.

Which statement is true about gender and power?

Patriarchy is a system in which men have power over women and derive benefit from that power at the expense of women.

What is patriarchy?

Feminism is defined by its opposition to patriarchy.

What argument does Lorna Finlayson make about feminism?

Radical feminists organized on the local level and focused on consciousness-raising.

During the second wave of the Women’s Movement, how did radical feminists organize for change?

Women are worse off than men under patriarchy, but both groups are worse off compared to a world without patriarchy.

According to Lorna Finlayson, what is the “strong” argument to address whether only women suffer under patriarchy?

They protested in front of the White House, which influenced President Woodrow Wilson to change his mind and support women's suffrage.

How did women in the Suffrage Movement take direct action to advocate for the right to vote?

Feminism is a movement to end sexism and sexist oppression.

How does Lorna Finlayson describe feminism as a practice?

Because labor unions were concerned the ERA would eliminate protective labor laws.

Why were some Democrats initially against the Equal Rights Amendment?

An analytical approach that allows us to identify the overlapping axes of racial and gender oppression that impact Black women's lives.

What is intersectionality?

Alabama Literacy Test

Where is this question from?:“The Constitution limits the size of the District of Columbia to [blank].”

A wide set of concerns over economic, political, social, legal, and cultural rights was conveyed.

What kinds of grievances were articulated in the Declaration of Sentiments?

Women with property lost rights due to the codification of rights.

How were rights affected after the American Revolution?

They organized at the state level to oppose state ratification of the Equal Rights Movement.

How did conservative women mobilize against the Equal Rights Movement?

Patriarchy is a fundamental part of society; it is not tangential.

What statement is part of Lorna Finlayson’s definition of patriarchy?

An individual rights-based strategy

What strategy did the National Organization for Women primarily pursue?

abstinence, abortion, and infanticide

In what ways did enslaved Black women resist oppression?

The video illustrates the way bias, hate, and discrimination are embedded in technological systems.

What does the Search Engine Breakdown video illustrate?

They had the opportunity to move from menial work as maids to skilled work in factories.

What opportunities opened up for Black women and lower-class women during World War II?

The Black women's club movement was important because the clubs raised funds to build hospitals, schools, and old-age homes.

Why was the Black women’s club movement important?

Women's rights are contingent on their relationships with children.

What type of argument is advocating for women’s rights on the basis of “Republican Motherhood”?

Boisseau makes an argument for abortion rights on the basis of personal choice, which is consistent with an abortion rights approach.

Which statement best characterizes the argument Boisseau makes in her article, "I Am the Roe Generation"?

Maternal deaths due to illegal abortions.

Lauren MacIver Thompson argues that "Women Have Always Had Abortions."  What evidence supports her position?

The police did not pursue the perpetrator, and he went on to rape several other women.

What was the consequence of the police not believing Marie in the news story, "An Unbelievable Story of Rape"?  

The Justices argue that pregnant women have no rights to speak of as a result of the ruling.

What do Justices Breyer, Sotomayor, and Kagan argue in their dissenting opinion in Dobbs?

Reproductive justice advocates would emphasize that the right to an abortion is a human right, not a moral issue.

In the majority opinion in Dobbs, Justice Alito wrote, “Abortion presents a profound moral issue on which Americans hold sharply conflicting views.”  How would advocates for reproductive justice assess this claim? 

black pregnant women

Which women are tested more frequently for drug use?

Reproductive justice treats the right to have a child or the right not to have a child as a foundational human right. 

Which statement is true about reproductive justice?

Someone the victim knows

Who perpetrates most rapes?

The Justices argue that pregnant women have no rights to speak of as a result of the ruling.

What do Justices Breyer, Sotomayor, and Kagan argue in their dissenting opinion in Dobbs?

Because the right to reproduce or not to reproduce safely is a fundamental human right and therefore should not be reserved only for those viewed as legitimate mothers.

Why does Rickie Solinger argue that reproductive choice is incompatible with reproductive justice?

Around 5%, which is comparable to the false reporting for other crimes.

How common are false reports of rape?

victim-blaming

What is a consistent factor in the handling of both acquaintance rape cases and stranger rape cases?

rape is a long standing issue on college campuses

What statement is true about rape on college campuses?

He won the Heisman trophy and went on to a career in the NFL.

What happened to the Florida State student athlete who was accused of rape?

88%

What percentage of women sexually assaulted on campuses do not report?

There is no constitutional right to abortion.

What was the Supreme Court’s ruling in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization?

A high-tech lynching for uppity Blacks.

How did Clarence Thomas characterize his treatment during the confirmation process for his nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court?

Because the accusations of sexual harassment were made by a Black woman and did not involve a white woman as historically was the case.

Why was Clarence Thomas’s use of the phrase “high-tech lynching” problematic given the history of lynching in the United States?

The woman who accused Brett Kavanaugh of sexually assaulting her when they were in high school.

Who is Christine Blasey Ford?

Inflammatory political messaging by conservatives that equate transgender people and their allies to pedophiles

In Astor's article, "Transgender Americans Feel Under Siege as Political Vitriol Rises," what do extremism experts identify as a factor driving violence against gay and transgender Americans?

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was important for women's rights because it ended discriminatory voting practices that blocked Black women from voting.

Why was the Voting Rights Act of 1965 important for women’s rights?

It has not been ratified.

What year was the Equal Rights Amendment ratified and added to the U.S. Constitution?

The government promoted the view that women's place was in the home where they would be safe and enjoy using new household technologies (such as a vacuum cleaner).

What propaganda campaign was pushed by the U.S. government after World War II to convince white, middle-class women to return to the home?

Misogyny is best understood as a hatred toward women who refuse to be subordinate.

According to Kate Manne, how is misogyny best understood?

Consciousness-raising to advance women's rights through changing society.

In the second wave of the women’s movement, the younger branch focused their efforts on——?

Phyllis Schlafly

Who was the public face of the anti-ERA movement?