ARCH 412 Final Exam (Monuments and Vocab)

Torhalle, Carolingian

Palatine Chapel at Aachen, Carolingian

Plan of an Ideal Monastery, Carolingian

Skellig Michael, Carolingian

Fontenay Abbey, Cistercian Romanesque

Cluny Monastery Phase III, Cluniac Romanesque

Notre Dame, Cluniac Romanesque

San Marco, Venetian Romanesque

St. Etienne, Norman Romanesque

Cathedral of St. Lazare, Cluniac Romanesque

Sainte Foy, Cluniac Romanesque

Santiago (Saint James) de Compostela, Romanesque & Pilgrimage

St. Sernin, Romanesque & Pilgrimage

Dover Castle, Anglo-Norman Romanesque

Saint Denis, Early Gothic

Notre Dame.Early-High Gothic

Chartres Cathedral, High Gothic

Reims Cathedral, High Gothic

The Sainte-Chapelle, Late Gothic (Rayyonant style)

King's College Chapel, English Perpendicular Gothic

Santa Croce, Tuscan Gothic

Strasbourg Cathedral, Late Gothic

trompe l'oeil

a painting or design intended to create the illusion of a three-dimensional object

Westwerk

monumental western entry block with two towers at either side of a center portion

Cloister

a quadrilateral, portico-lined courtyard at the center of a monastery

Bay

a repeated unit of structure (comprised of four vertical supports and their vault/roof)

Eremitic monasticism

solitary monasticism, as a hermit (or anchoress)

Cenobitic monasticism

monasticism in which monks live together as a community, often at adistance from other, secular communities

Order

a monastic practice that follows a particular set of rules and regulations. All orders were part of the western European, Latin church and owed allegiance to the Pope, but each orders' particular regulations might differ somewhat

Benedictine monasticism

follows the Regula, or Rule, of St. Benedict, of the 5th century: guide, in 73 short chapters, for communal monastic life based on an equal balance of the "active life" and the "contemplative life": equal parts work and prayer/meditation. Most common order of medieval monasticism; it is still practiced today

Mother house/daughter house

relationship between a founding monastic church and its newer off-shoot

Abbot/Abbess

leader of a male/female communal monastic community

Opus Dei

communal worship (for all of the members of the monastery); divided into seven hours ('offices') of prayer throughout the day and night

Claustrum or Cloister

Enclosed four-sided space at the center of a monastery, composed of a subdivided garden or courtyard and surrounding porticoes; can also mean the monastery as a whole, as a separated and closed space of religious life

Chapter House or Capitulum

place of meeting of the whole monastic community; usually a rectangular or square vaulted space with benches around the perimeter of the room for seating

Cluniac

the order affiliated with Cluny Monastery; a reform branch of the Benedictine Order; believes in prayer as labor (they hired lay brothers - workers - to do manual labor)

Cistercian

a later reform order founded in 1098 at Cïteaux (Latin medieval name: Cistercium).They followed a strict interpretation of the Benedictine Rule, reintroducing manual labor andmaking asceticism a key aspect of their monastic practice. Bernard of Clairvaux was one of their main intellectual leaders, under whose guidance the order grew exponentially in numbers and power

Translation

the ritual movement/rehousing of the relics of a saint from one church location to another

Compound pier

vertical supports made of a core pier or column with attached colonnettes around it

Crossing (tower)

the area where the nave and the transept meet and its vaulting

Springing

the point at which an arch begins (where it begins to curve away from its vertical support)

Groin vault

a masonry vault of two intersecting, perpendicular barrel vaults; this creates joints (or "groins" at the points of intersection

Ribbed barrel vault

a barrel vault with a supplementary support band at each bay

Radiating chapel (aka 'apsidiol')

small apse-like projection off an ambulatory or transept

Tympanum

the space enclosed by a lintel and an arch over a doorway

Maestas Domini

Latin, "Christ in Majesty". Iconography of Christ seated on a throne, usually centered in the architectural frame and larger than other figures (hierarchical scale)

Last Judgment

the judgment of souls at the end of the world, part of Christian/New Testament belief

Camino de Santiago

"the Way of St. James," is a network of pilgrims' routes leading to the shrine of the apostle Saint James the Great in the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in northwestern Spain

Relic

a body part of a saint or holy object (usually a tiny fragment of such); secondary relics are those that were in contact with a holy body (such as the Shroud of Turin)

Reliquary

the container for a holy relic, often very highly decorated with gold and gemstones;can take a human form (often related to the body part the relic came from) or a more functionalobject, like a casket/box or a cross form

Motte-and-bailey

A defensive system comprising the motte, a mound of earth, with a wooden tower on top, placed within the bailey, a walled courtyard (also called the ward)

Keep

A freestanding defense tower in a castle complex (after the twelfth century, often enclosed by fortifications/walls, becoming the strongest element within the castle; later yet, keeps are mostly residential and could be fairly luxurious).

Enceinte

French term for inner protective line, consisting of towers/bastions and curtain walls, surrounding a keep (often there are two lines of defensive fortifications in twelfth century and later castles)

Rib vault

structural bands of masonry that form the "skeleton"/frame of the building

Pointed arch

transfers force and thrust more efficiently through the center of the arch's voussoirs (individual stones), creating a stronger arch

Flying buttress

transfers lateral thrust (sideways) from the clerestory springing point to the external buttress pier of a Gothic cathedral

Gothic Architecture Development over Time

1) Overall, the cathedrals get taller over time

2) the interior nave wall switches from earlier four-part elevation to a later three-part elevation (the gallery is excised); this streamlines the wall, emphasizing its verticality

3) the proportions of the interior nave wall become more equalized between the ground arcade and the upper-level clerestory

Chevet

rounded, hemispherical east end of a Gothic church (includes the ambulatory (with any radiating chapels, apse and choir)

Pseudo-Dionysius

an ancient Greek philosopher who believed that radiant light was a physical manifestation of God. Through centuries, this Pseudo-Dionysius Dionysius is the Greek version of 'Denis') became conflated with the martyrial saint of the monastery of St. Denis, and thus Suger believed that he was adapting the patron saint's idea of divine luminosity in the building of his new church.

Anagogy

interpretation of a word, passage, or text (as of Scripture or poetry) that leads beyond the literal, allegorical, and moral senses to a spiritual or mystical sense

Triforium

small zone above the gallery (or sometimes replacing it) in a Gothic elevation. Often has blind arcades, or an open arcade screening a small passageway.

Webbing

the "skin" of a ribbed vault; the solid covering of the vault above the structural ribs

Six-part/Four-part vault

vaults broken into six or four compartments by the transverse anddiagonal supporting ribs. Six-part vaults are earlier, four-part vault were the result of greater experimentation and confidence in the Gothic vaulting structural system.

Jamb statues/figures

statues that are carved into the columns of the door jambs (verticals connected to the facets of the archivolt)

Rose window

circular window with mullions or tracery radiating in a form suggestive of aflower/rose

Mullion

individual, vertical dividers between glass plates in a window (still used today); canbe stone, wood, aluminum, etc.

Lancet

tall, narrow window with an acutely pointed head

Tracery

stone dividers (as a whole) in windows, often in elaborate patterns

Plate tracery

window forms are punched into the stone wall, retaining the majority thickness of the wall

Bar tracery

thinner bar mullions between the stained-glass pieces allowing for greater areas of glass within the rose window

English Perpendicular

perpendicular Gothic period (or simply Perpendicular) characterized by an emphasis on rectilinear lines with strong points of crossing; begins c. 1350 (and goes until the mid-sixteenth century) and grows out of the English Decorated style

Ridge Rib

long, longitudinal rib running the length of several bays (if not the whole church) along the apex of the vault line

Tierceron

rib projections that extend from the side arches to some point along the ridge rib, not necessarily joining the rib from the side arch opposite

Lierne

small ribs connecting tiercerons or ridge ribs (these make up the bulk of the net-like patterns of English Gothic vaulting

Fan Vaulting

type of vault consisting of a set of concave ribs spreading out from a central point like the ribs of an opened umbrella, used especially in the English Perpendicular style

Hammer-beam roof

Short, horizontal beams projecting inward into the top of interior walls, attached to the foot of principal rafters in a roof and generally supporting arched roof braces

Mendicant Orders

monastic orders that engaged with teaching and outreach to the secular population; usually located within town centers for this outreach. Franciscans and Dominicans are part of the Mendicant Orders.

Three Combined Structural elements creating "Gothic" architecture

Rib vault

Pointed arch

Flying buttress

Historiated capital

Capital with narrative carved on its faces (they tell a story)

Diagram of the Romanesque portal: Archivolt, Voussoir, Lintel, Jamb, Trumeau

Archivolt

Voussoir

Lintel

Jamb

Trumeau