APUSH U3, CH 11

Revolution of 1800

Electoral victory of Democratic Republicans over the Federalists, who lost their congressional majority and the presidency. The peaceful transfer of power between rival parties solidified faith in America's political system.

Judiciary Act of 1801

Passed by the departing Federalist Congress, it created sixteen new federal judgeships, ensuring a Federalist hold on the judiciary.

Midnight judges

Federal justices appointed by John Adams during the last days of his presidency. Their positions were revoked when the newly elected Republican Congress repealed the Judiciary Act.

Marbury vs. Madison

Supreme Court case that established the principle of "judicial review"-the idea that the Supreme Court had the final authority to determine constitutionality.

Tripolitania War

Four-year conflict between the American navy and the North African nation of Tripoli over piracy in the Mediterranean. Jefferson, a staunch noninterventionist, reluctantly deployed American forces, eventually securing a peace treaty with Tripoli.

Haitian Revolution

War incited by a slave uprising in French-controlled Saint Domingue, resulting in the creation of the first independent black republic in the Americas.

Louisiana Purchase

Acquisition of Louisiana Territory from France. The purchase more than doubled the territory of the United States, opening vast tracts for settlement.

Corps of Discovery

Team of adventurers, led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore Louisiana Territory and find a water route to the Pacific. Louis and Clark brought back detailed accounts of the West's flora, fauna, and native populations, and their voyage demonstrated the viability of overland travel to the West.

Orders in Council

Edicts issued by the British crown closing French-owned European ports to foreign shipping. The French responded by ordering the seizure of all vessels entering British ports, thereby cutting off American merchants from trade with both parties.

Impressment

Act of forcibly drafting an individual into military service, employed by the British navy against American seamen in times of war against France, 1793-1815. [This word] was a continual source of conflict between Britain and the United States in the early national period.

Chesapeake affair

Conflict between Britain and the United States that precipitated the 1807 embargo. The conflict developed when a British ship, in search of deserters, fired on the American Chesapeake off the coast of Virginia.

Embargo Act

Enacted in response to British and French mistreatment of American merchants, the act banned the export of all goods from the United States to any foreign port. The [this term] placed great strains on the American economy while only marginally affecting its European targets, and was therefore repealed in 1809.

Non-Intercourse Act

Passed alongside the repeal of the Embargo Act, it reopened trade with all but the two belligerent nations, Britain and France. The act continued Jefferson's policy of economic coercion, still with little effect.

Macon's Bill no. 2

Aimed at resuming peaceful trade with Britain and France, the act stipulated that if either Britain or France repealed its trade restrictions, the United States would reinstate the embargo against the nonrepealing nation. When Napoleon offered to lift his restrictions on British ports, the United States was forced to declare an embargo on Britain, thereby pushing the two nations closer toward war.

War Hawks

Democratic-Republican congressmen who pressed James Madison to declare war on Britain. Largely drawn from the South and West, the [this term] resented British constraints on American trade and accused the British of supporting Indian attacks against American settlements on the frontier.

Battle of Tippecanoe

Resulted in the defeat of Shawnee chief Tenskwatawa, "the Prophet," at the hands of William Henry Harrison in the Indiana wilderness. After the battle, the Prophet's brother, Tecumseh, forged an alliance with the British against the United States.

Thomas Jefferson

(1743-1826) Author of the Declaration of Independence, ambassador to France, and third president of the United States. As one of the leaders of the Democratic-Republican party, he advocated a limited role for the national government, particularly in the area of finance. As president, however, he oversaw significant expansion of the federal state through the purchase of Louisiana Territory and the enactment of the Embargo of 1807.

Sally Hemings

(1773-1835) One of Thomas Jefferson's slaves on his plantation in Monticello. DNA testing confirms that Thomas Jefferson fathered her children.

Albert Gallatin

(1761-1849) Secretary of the Treasury from 1801 to 1813 under Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, he sought to balance the federal budget and reduce the national debt.

John Marshall

(1755-1835) Chief justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 until his death in 1835, he strengthened the role of the courts by establishing the principle of judicial review. During his tenure, the Court also expanded the powers of the federal government through a series of decisions that established federal supremacy over the states.

Samuel Chase

(1741-1811) Federalist Supreme Court justice who drew the ire of Jeffersonian Republicans for his biting criticism of Republican policies. In 1804, the House of Representatives brought charges of impeachment against him but failed to make the case that his unrestrained partisanship qualified as "high crimes and misdemeanors." Acquitted by the Senate, he served on the Court until his death.

Napoleon Bonaparte

(1769-1821) French emperor who waged a series of wars against his neighbors on the European continent from 1800 until his final defeat at Waterloo in 1815. In 1803, having failed to put down the Haitian rebellion, he relinquished France's remaining North American possessions by selling Louisiana Territory to the United States.

Robert Livingston

(1746-1813) American statesman who served as minister to France from 1801 to 1804 and negotiated the purchase of Louisiana Territory in 1803.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

(1743-1803) Haitian revolutionary who led a successful slave uprising and helped establish an independent Haiti in 1797. In 1802, he was captured by a French force sent to reestablish control over the island. Shipped back to France and imprisoned for treason, he succumbed to pneumonia in 1803.

Meriwether Lewis

(1744-1809) American soldier and explorer who led the famous expedition through Louisiana Territory from 1804 to 1806. After briefly serving as governor of upper Louisiana Territory, he died in an apparent suicide in 1809.

William Clark

(1770-1838) Explorer who joined Meriwether Lewis in leading the expedition of Louisiana Territory from 1804 to 1806. After the expedition, he played a key role in shaping America's Indian policy, seeking to strengthen American relations with the Indians through trade.

Sacajawea

(1788-1812) Shoshone guide who led Meriwether Lewis and William Clark on their exploration of the American West.

Aaron Burr

(1756-1836) Revolutionary War soldier and vice president under Thomas Jefferson, he is perhaps most famous for fatally wounding Alexander Hamilton in a duel in 1804. In 1806, he led a failed plot to separate the trans-Mississippi West from the United States. Narrowly acquitted of treason, he fled to France, where he tried to convince Napoleon to ally with Britain against the United States.

James Wilkinson

(1757-1825) Military governor of Louisiana Territory who conspired with Aaron Burr to separate from the United States and ally with Spanish-controlled areas of the Americas.

James Madison

(1751-1836) Principal author of the Constitution, co-author of The Federalist, and fourth president of the United States. A leading advocate of a strong national government in the 1780s, he later joined Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans in advocating a more limited role for the federal state. As president, he inherited the conflict over trade with Britain and France, which eventually pushed him to declare war on Britain in 1812.

Tecumseh

(ca. 1768-1813) Accomplished Shawnee warrior, he sought to establish a confederacy of Indian tribes east of the Mississippi. He opposed individual tribes selling land to the United States, arguing that the land belonged to all the native peoples. After 1811, he allied with the British, fighting fiercely against the United States until his death in 1813.

Tenskwatawa (The Prophet)

("the Prophet") (1775-1836) Shawnee religious leader, also known as "the Prophet," who led a spiritual revival, emphasizing Indian unity and cultural renewal and urging Indians to limit contact with Americans. The Prophet lost his following in 1811 after he and a small army of followers were defeated by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe.