PHR 915 BLOCK I FINAL

What does pharmakon mean?

Magic, spell, remedy, or poison

Who was Hygeia?

Greek goddess of health and daughter of Aesculapius

Who was Aesculapius?

Father of medicine in Greek mythology

What does the Bowl of Hygeia symbolize?

Healing through medicine

What does the bowl in the Bowl of Hygeia represent?

A medicinal potion

What does the serpent in the Bowl of Hygeia represent?

Healing

When has the Bowl of Hygeia been associated with pharmacy?

Since 1796

When did APhA adopt the Bowl of Hygeia as its symbol?

1964

What contributions did Islamic medicine make during the Middle Ages?

Distillation, alcohol as an antiseptic, hospitals, hygiene, medical records, and pharmacies

What was the first documented sweetened vehicle for medicines developed during?

The Middle Ages

What does the term apothecary originate from?

Apotheca meaning storehouse or repository

Who was Paracelsus?

A Swiss surgeon who advocated chemical preparation of drugs from plants and minerals

What drug source was introduced into Europe in 1640 and used to treat malaria?

Cinchona bark

What important change occurred between pharmacy and medicine during the Renaissance?

Pharmacists split from medicine and established their own organizations

When was the French College de Pharmacie established?

1777

What major drug was extracted from crude opium in 1804?

Morphine

What major antimalarial compound was isolated in 1820?

Quinine

Who was America's first licensed pharmacist?

Louis Dufilho Jr.

Where did America's first licensed pharmacist open a pharmacy?

New Orleans

What is the USP?

United States Pharmacopeia, the first national uniform set of guidelines for medicines and medical preparations

When was USP founded?

1820

What was the first college of pharmacy in the United States?

Philadelphia College of Pharmacy

When was the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy established?

1821

When was the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy established?

1823

What does APhA stand for?

American Pharmacists Association

When was APhA founded?

1852

When was the first pharmacy Code of Ethics established?

1852

What major federal law was passed in 1906?

Federal Food and Drug Act

How did industrialization affect pharmacy practice?

Less compounding and more dispensing/manufacturing

Who is considered the Father of American Pharmacy?

William Procter Jr.

According to William Procter Jr., what are the two major responsibilities of pharmacy?

Preparing and dispensing medicines

What happened to pharmacy education over time?

Moved from apprenticeship to formal education and licensure

Approximately what percentage of prescriptions required compounding in 1920-1930?

75%

Approximately what percentage of prescriptions required compounding by 1970?

1%

Why did soda fountains become common in pharmacies?

Pharmacists sought other revenue sources as compounding declined

When was ACPE established?

1932

What does ACPE stand for?

Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education

What was the standard pharmacy degree during the Soda Fountain Era?

4-year degree

What amendment established prescription versus nonprescription drugs?

Durham-Humphrey Amendment of 1952

What law created the controlled substance schedules?

Controlled Substances Act of 1970

What degree became standard in pharmacy education in 1960?

5-year BS Pharmacy

What school implemented the first 6-year PharmD program?

University of Southern California

When did the clinical pharmacy movement emerge?

1950-1979

What UK Hospital milestone occurred in 1957?

First report of a pharmacist rounding with a healthcare team

What UK Hospital milestone occurred in 1962?

First drug information center

When was the first hospital pharmacy residency established?

1962

Who published residency standards in 1963?

ASHP

What does ASHP stand for?

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists

What concept was proposed by Hepler and Strand?

Pharmaceutical care

Define pharmaceutical care.

Responsible provision of drug therapy to achieve outcomes that improve quality of life

What four outcomes are identified in pharmaceutical care?

Cure disease, reduce symptoms, slow disease progression, prevent disease/symptoms

What law required pharmacists to counsel Medicaid patients?

OBRA 1990

When did pharmacists begin immunizing patients widely?

Late 1990s

When was Medicare Part D MTM established?

2003

What does MTM stand for?

Medication Therapy Management

What major educational change did ACPE advocate in 1984?

6-year professional doctorate degree

What did ACPE declare in 1989?

PharmD would become the universal standard by 2000

What was the last year students entered a BS Pharmacy curriculum?

2000

What was the primary focus of the 1852 Code of Ethics?

Advancing professional conduct and probity

What issue influenced the 1922 Code of Ethics?

Narcotics, alcohol, and professionalism concerns

What change in pharmacy influenced the 1952 Code of Ethics?

Brand-name drugs and antisubstitution

What major emphasis appeared in the 1969 Code of Ethics?

Protection of the public and patient care

What change occurred in the 1975 Code of Ethics?

Advertising restrictions removed if communications were truthful

What modernization occurred in the 1981 Code of Ethics?

Removal of masculine pronouns and greater cultural sensitivity

How did the 1922 Code of Ethics view pharmacist-patient counseling?

Questions about therapy should be directed to the physician

How did the 1953 Code of Ethics view pharmacist-patient counseling?

Therapeutic discussions should be referred to physicians or dentists

How did the 1969 Code of Ethics view pharmacists?

Essential health practitioners whose first concern is patient health and safety

How did the 1994 Code of Ethics view pharmacists?

Patient-centered professionals respecting autonomy and promoting patients' good

What is professional identity?

The combination of skills, functions, knowledge, attitudes, values, ethics, and beliefs shared by a profession

What is professional identity formation (PIF)?

The process of identifying and internalizing the ways of being and relating within a professional role

Does professional identity formation equal professionalism?

No

What is professionalism?

The active demonstration of the traits of a professional

What is pharmacy's professional identity according to JACCP?

Pharmacists are medication specialists who prevent, identify, and manage medication therapy problems

What does MTP stand for?

Medication Therapy Problem

According to the Gallup Poll 2024, pharmacists rank where among trusted healthcare professions?

Second most trusted healthcare profession

What factors may have contributed to lower pharmacist trust ratings?

Opioid epidemic, healthcare opinions, vaccines, burnout, job satisfaction

What are the three words describing professional identity?

Think, Feel, Act

Name the ten marks of a professional.

Knowledge and skills, self-improvement, service orientation, pride, covenantal relationship, creativity, trustworthiness, accountability, ethical decision-making, leadership

What is meant by service orientation?

Commitment to serving others

What is meant by a covenantal relationship with the patient?

A relationship built on trust and responsibility

What does PHARMDS stand for?

Professional Presence, Honesty and Integrity, Altruism, Respect for Others, Moral Responsibility, Dedication to Excellence, Stewardship

What does Professional Presence mean?

Instilling trust through actions, words, and appearance

What does Altruism mean?

Putting patient interests above your own

What does Moral Responsibility mean?

Accountability, reliability, punctuality, and follow-through

What does Dedication to Excellence mean?

Commitment to learning and professional development

What does Stewardship mean?

Engaging in the profession and contributing to its advancement

How many principles are in the 1994 Code of Ethics for Pharmacists?

8

What is the first principle of the 1994 Code of Ethics?

Respect the covenantal relationship between pharmacist and patient

What is the second principle of the 1994 Code of Ethics?

Promote the good of every patient in a caring, compassionate, and confidential manner

What is the third principle of the 1994 Code of Ethics?

Respect the autonomy and dignity of each patient

What is the fourth principle of the 1994 Code of Ethics?

Act with honesty and integrity in professional relationships

What is the fifth principle of the 1994 Code of Ethics?

Maintain professional competence

What is the sixth principle of the 1994 Code of Ethics?

Respect the values and abilities of colleagues and other health professionals

What is the seventh principle of the 1994 Code of Ethics?

Serve individual, community, and societal needs

What is the eighth principle of the 1994 Code of Ethics?

Seek justice in the distribution of health resources

Professional identity is best described as what?

The combination of unique skills, functions, knowledge, attitudes, values, ethics, and beliefs shared among a professional group related to their work role

Professionalism is best described as what?

The active demonstration of the traits of a professional

What is the pathway to pharmacist licensure in Kentucky?

Intern hours → PharmD degree → NAPLEX → MPJE → Licensed pharmacist

What does NAPLEX stand for?

North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination

What does MPJE stand for?

Multistate Pharmacy Jurisprudence Examination