bio120 - final exam - SS

evade stress; moving

plants can’t _____ by ______

daughters; net reproductive rate

average (expected) # of _____ a female has in her lifetime = ______

own food, photosynthesis

plants can make their _____ through ____

flowers, angiosperms

_____are defining feature of _____

angiosperms

largest and most diverse group of land plants

anthers

Male reproductive structures produce pollen in structures known as ____ ; purple

stigma

Female reproductive parts receive pollen that lands on what's known as _____

autotrophic

plants are ______; make their own food through photosynthesis

light, CO2, water and soil nutrients (NPK)

all plants need the same few things to grow: _______ NPK = NITROGEN, PHOSPHOROUS & POTASSIUM

NPP

carbon gained via photosynthesis - carbon lost via respiration = net primary productivity

high NPP

north america has _____ in the summer vs winter bc thats when plants are growing the most

stomata, stomata

plants take in co2 through their ____, they lose water and oxygen out of _____

benefit : large lead size

good for harvesting light and co2, has lots of stomata

overheating

cost of large leaf size : as external temp of env incr, plant does its best it can to avoid heating up too much, large SA = can gait heat via solar radiation - bad for hot places

water loss by transpiration

cost of large leaf size: also have lot of stomata where they can lose water, bad for plants that live in dry places

population

collection of individuals of the same species living in an area

differential equation model ; instant ; reproduce continuously

time steps are going to be infinitesimally small, size of population can change in an ____, population is going to tend to be smooth over time, best for animals that _______throughout the year

difference equations

bad ; over the long term

simple exponential growth is a ____ model of reality ________

λ > 1.0 ; λ<1.0

no species has ever sustained ____ for a long period of time and no extant species has maintained ___ for long

density dependent regulation : 1st factor that can regulate growth of real populations

populations start growing more slowly when population size gets large, growth rate of the population is dependent on population size

density independent regulation : 2nd factor that can regulate growth of real populations

don’t depend on how big the population is (ex. when severe weather produces a hurricane & kills off a lot of individuals in the population)

fastest; small

in logistic growth model, population grows _____ when population size is ____

allele effects: low population density (size)

refers to negative effects of ____ on population growth rates

depend on age

another feature not captured by exponential & logistic models of population growth is how birth & death rates _______

fecundity & survivorship

_____ depend on age of the individual

life history strategies ; life events

species have different ________; which are the sequence of an organism’s ______ & what age or stage those events occur at

life history

typically _____for many plants and animals

small size

typically life history for many plants and animals start life at ______

grow; resource accumulation

typically life history for many plants and animals start life at small size, ____ for a period without reproducing

• this period is for ___________

sexually mature ; reproducing

when they have enough resources, organisms become _____& start spending resources they acquire on ____

life table

Variation in fecundity & survivorship across age classes is summarized in a________

age class intervals

In models of population that incorporate age structure, time is now measured in ________

Arbitrary units of time; 20 age classes

_______ that we choose in order to have them give a reasonable number of age classes for the organism in question.

• For microbes; minutes to hours

• Most insects : weeks

• Mammals and birds : years

• Humans, typically 5 year intervals - about ______

metapopulation

a ______ is a set of local populations linked by dispersal

metacommunity

a _____is. a set of local communities linked by the disperdal of one or more of their constituent species

probability ; being alive

L_x is for survivorship ;_______of _____ at age x

semelparity ; reproductive output is increased; satiate

______ is favoured when __________ by accumulating resources for longer for ex. if reproductive output depends strongly on size (in plants if : massive flower or fruit displays attract more benefical animals or massive seed crops ____ seed predator populations allowing more seeds to go uneaten)

reproductive value , V_{x ;} future

expected number of _____ daughters left to an individual of age x

outcome (+ or - )

interactions between species are often classified by their ______

intra-specific competition ; conspecifics

______: competition among members of the same species (among ____) for resources

inter-specific competition ; heterospecifics

______: competition among members of the different species (among ____) for resources

scramble/exploitative competition ; depletion

Individuals of the same or different species compete via the ___ of a shared resource 

As one individual consumes a resource, it leaves less of that resource available for other individuals to consume ; therefore they compete (squirrel & birds and bird feeders example )

contest/interference competition ; direct interactions

happens a result of ________ between individuals, when individuals fight over territory (ants - very territorial, invasive ones are superior competitors that drive down populations of native ants)

both species to inhibit their own growth

coexistence requires ______more than they inhibit each other’s (i.e ; intraspecific competition has to be stronger than interspecific competition)

stability ;return

____: ability of a system to _____ to equilibrium following a perturbation or disturbance (wildfire or hurricane)

coexistence; nonzero

_____: occurs when 2 or more species have ____population sizes at equilibrium

predation; consumes

______: interactions in which one organism ____all or part of another

inducible ; threats

some defences are ____, turned on in response to _____

two or more host species ; complex life cycle

many parasites require_________to complete their life cycle = __________

vectors ; transport

_______ are hosts that _____ parasites to their next host

zoonotic; reservoirs

for human ____ diseases (diseases transferred between animals and humans) we often refer to other host species as

symbiosis

living together

mutualism

beneficial interaction for both species

mutualism ≠ symbiosis

true

disperse

individuals can move from one population to another; they can _______

patch

we call each spatially distinct population a ______

sinks ; migrants; source

are populations in small habitat patches that would go extinct except ______ from _____ populations rescue these populations

locally unstable

a group of weakly coupled, ________systems can be

semelparity ; last

postpone reproduction until very last year of life

iteroparity ; multiple

reproduce in multiple years of their lives

type 1 survivorship curve ; early age classes ; mortality

______: high survivorship through ________but then survivorship declines rapidly and ______ picks up fast late in life

• Expected for human population

• Individuals survive rlly well until middle or late years of life

type 2 survivorship curve

Constant mortality with age is called ________; occurs in some animals where there is constant mortality risk out in the world

Type 3 survivorship curve; high mortality

________: means_______early in life BIT if u make it into adulthood= good chance of living for a long time - common in plants & invertebrates that makes large number of offspring but vast majority of offspring won't survive into adulthood (trees : unlikely that a seed is going to become a big tree ,but if u make it to being a tree - may live long)