NPB 10 - Final

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Function of immune system

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Function of immune system

protects against infections caused by diseases

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What causes diseases?

bacteria, viruses, large parasites, fungi

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Viruses can enter our cells which can cause ____ _____ when viruses come out.

cell death

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What are cancer cells?

our cells with mutations

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What do cancer cells cause?

Increase in cell proliferation (uncontrolled)

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What can large clump of cancer cells interfere with?

Normal organ function

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What do mutated genes do?

Build proteins that look different and are detectable by immune system

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What does our immune system distinguish?

Self from non-self

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What are the primary immune sites?

bone marrow and thymus

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What cells are born in the bone marrow?

all blood cells

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What cells mature in the bone marrow?

B Cells

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What cells mature in the thymus?

T Cells

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What is maturation?

Cells learn to distinguish self from non-self

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If maturation is not done well, what can happen?

Auto-immune disease

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Where do immune cells go after maturation?

Secondary immune sites

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What happens at secondary immune sites?

Immune cells can meet pathogens and become activated if they do meet

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What are the secondary immune sites?

Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, peyer's patches

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What does the spleen do?

Cleans blood of debris and dead cells

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What do lymph nodes do?

Connected by ducts, similar to veins with valves

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What do tonsils do?

check food for pathogens in mouth

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What is branch 1 of the immune system?

innate immune system, we are born with this ready

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What does Branch 1 recognize?

PAMPS, pathogen associated molecular proteins

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What is Branch 1's advantage?

acts really fast

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What is Branch 1's disadvantage?

it cannot remember a specific pathogen

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What is branch 2 of the immune system?

Adaptive immune system/acquired immune system

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Why does branch 2 act more slowly?

it has to learn to recognize a small piece of pathogen extremely well

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What does Branch 2 build a response to?

Antigen

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What is an antigen?

A small piece of pathogen

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What are the cells of the immune system?

Granulocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes

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What are granulocytes?

Filled with granules (packets of immune active substances)

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What are neutrophilic granulocytes?

Most common white blood cell that eat cells

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Which protein in the neutrophilic granulocyte presents the antigen?

MHC/HLA

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T/F: MHC/HLA is involved in transplant rejection.

True

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What is eosinophil?

chemicals that attack large parasites

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What is basophil?

Secretes histamine functions to cause vasodilation. This helps recruit other immune cells by bringing in more blood.

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What happens during anaphylactic shock?

too much histamine, blood vessels dilate, BP drops

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What are macrophages?

Large cells that eat other cells

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Where do macrophages initially travel? then what?

Blood (monocyte) then crawl out and live in between other cells (macrophage)

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What are lymphocytes?

Small and round cells

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What are the types of lymphocytes?

B Cells, T Cells, NK Cells

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What does "NK" mean?

natural killer

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What do B Cells do?

Make antibodies

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What are antibodies?

large proteins, multiple parts

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Our body makes millions of different anitbodies but each B Cell only makes...

one type

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What are antibodies secreted into?

Blood

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What does the variable domain (top part) of an antibody do?

Can bind to antigen

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What does the constant domain (bottom) of an antibody do?

Talks to our cells

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What do antibodies do?

Serve as a tag for destruction

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What is the main goal of vaccination?

to have B Cells make antibodies

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What do T Cells do?

Need to see antigens presented to them by cells our of immune system on MHC proteins

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What are the two types of T Cells?

T-Helper Cells and Cytotoxic Cells

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What do T-helper cells do?

organize the response by sending a message to cytokine

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What do cytotoxic T Cells do?

Kill cells of our body that are virus infected or tumor cells

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What cells does HIV attack to cause AIDs?

T-Helper cells

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What group of immune cells are related to innate immune functions?

granulocytes, macrophages, NK cells

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What group of immune cells are related to adaptive immune functions?

B Cells and T Cells

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When we are trying to get an adaptive immune response, the variable domain is known as the B Cell receptor but in the future, it will become an ______

antibody

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What are the two steps to activate a B Cell?

  1. Bind to pathogen 2. Receive signals from T Helper cells

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Once a B cell is active, how does it copy itself?

cell division

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When B Cells are copied, what can the copies become?

Plasma cells or memory B Cells

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What do plasma cells that were copied from B cells do?

produce a lot of antibody and die after a few days

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What do memory B Cells that were copied from B Cells do?

they do not produce antibody and become dormant for months/years

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When we are re-exposed, what do our memory B-Cells do?

They wake up and quickly copy themselves and the cycle repeats

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After your second exposure to an antibody (vaccine) do you feel sick shorter or longer than the first time (first shot)?

Shorter

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What do vaccines do?

Reduce spread of disease in a population that helps infants who are too young to get vaccinated and old people

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What is herd immunity?

Large enough % of population is immune and protects the rest

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(Vaccination 1) A vaccine is injected into our muscle. What will it build?

Spike protein

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(Vaccination 2) What will the RNA do in the muscle cell?

it will present for a short while the spike proteins will be on the edges of the muscle cell

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(Vaccination 3) What does the B Cell do to the spike protein?

It will bind to it

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(Vaccination 4) What does the T Cell do to the spike protein?

it will bind to the spike protein which is being presented by MHC

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What are immune system signals?

Important cytokines from T Cells needed for B Cell activation

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What will other cytokines calm down?

Immune system responses

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Where do macrophages live?

In our tissues

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What do macrophages do?

phagocytosis (eat bacterium) then destroys it and antigen presentation on surface

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What do macrophages send out to attract other immune cells?

Chemokines

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When chemokines are sent out, what happens?

granulocytes will crawl out of blood vessel and into tissue to find macrophage by looking for more concentrated chemokine

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What do macrophages secrete?

pyrogens

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What do pyrogens do?

can travel to brain and increase temperature setpoint in brain to cause fever

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High body temperature is a positive immune function, why?

It is a negative pathogen function

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What temperature should our body not exceed?

105

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What are interferons?

They are secreted by all our cells and can interfere with virus production

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If there is a virus in a body cell, the interferon will enter and make _____ _____

antiviral protein

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Why do our cells secrete interferons?

They do this when they are virus infected to warn neighbors

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What happens when a lot of interferons are present?

Reaches brain to cause fever

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