NPB 10 - Final

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213 Terms

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Function of immune system
protects against infections caused by diseases
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What causes diseases?
bacteria, viruses, large parasites, fungi
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Viruses can enter our cells which can cause ____ _____ when viruses come out.
cell death
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What are cancer cells?
our cells with mutations
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What do cancer cells cause?
Increase in cell proliferation (uncontrolled)
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What can large clump of cancer cells interfere with?
Normal organ function
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What do mutated genes do?
Build proteins that look different and are detectable by immune system
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What does our immune system distinguish?
Self from non-self
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What are the primary immune sites?
bone marrow and thymus
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What cells are born in the bone marrow?
all blood cells
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What cells mature in the bone marrow?
B Cells
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What cells mature in the thymus?
T Cells
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What is maturation?
Cells learn to distinguish self from non-self
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If maturation is not done well, what can happen?
Auto-immune disease
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Where do immune cells go after maturation?
Secondary immune sites
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What happens at secondary immune sites?
Immune cells can meet pathogens and become activated if they do meet
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What are the secondary immune sites?
Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, peyer's patches
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What does the spleen do?
Cleans blood of debris and dead cells
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What do lymph nodes do?
Connected by ducts, similar to veins with valves
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What do tonsils do?
check food for pathogens in mouth
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What is branch 1 of the immune system?
innate immune system, we are born with this ready
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What does Branch 1 recognize?
PAMPS, pathogen associated molecular proteins
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What is Branch 1's advantage?
acts really fast
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What is Branch 1's disadvantage?
it cannot remember a specific pathogen
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What is branch 2 of the immune system?
Adaptive immune system/acquired immune system
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Why does branch 2 act more slowly?
it has to learn to recognize a small piece of pathogen extremely well
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What does Branch 2 build a response to?
Antigen
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What is an antigen?
A small piece of pathogen
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What are the cells of the immune system?
Granulocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes
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What are granulocytes?
Filled with granules (packets of immune active substances)
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What are neutrophilic granulocytes?
Most common white blood cell that eat cells
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Which protein in the neutrophilic granulocyte presents the antigen?
MHC/HLA
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T/F: MHC/HLA is involved in transplant rejection.
True
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What is eosinophil?
chemicals that attack large parasites
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What is basophil?
Secretes histamine functions to cause vasodilation. This helps recruit other immune cells by bringing in more blood.
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What happens during anaphylactic shock?
too much histamine, blood vessels dilate, BP drops
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What are macrophages?
Large cells that eat other cells
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Where do macrophages initially travel? then what?
Blood (monocyte) then crawl out and live in between other cells (macrophage)
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What are lymphocytes?
Small and round cells
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What are the types of lymphocytes?
B Cells, T Cells, NK Cells
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What does "NK" mean?
natural killer
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What do B Cells do?
Make antibodies
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What are antibodies?
large proteins, multiple parts
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Our body makes millions of different anitbodies but each B Cell only makes...
one type
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What are antibodies secreted into?
Blood
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What does the variable domain (top part) of an antibody do?
Can bind to antigen
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What does the constant domain (bottom) of an antibody do?
Talks to our cells
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What do antibodies do?
Serve as a tag for destruction
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What is the main goal of vaccination?
to have B Cells make antibodies
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What do T Cells do?
Need to see antigens presented to them by cells our of immune system on MHC proteins
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What are the two types of T Cells?
T-Helper Cells and Cytotoxic Cells
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What do T-helper cells do?
organize the response by sending a message to cytokine
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What do cytotoxic T Cells do?
Kill cells of our body that are virus infected or tumor cells
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What cells does HIV attack to cause AIDs?
T-Helper cells
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What group of immune cells are related to innate immune functions?
granulocytes, macrophages, NK cells
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What group of immune cells are related to adaptive immune functions?
B Cells and T Cells
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When we are trying to get an adaptive immune response, the variable domain is known as the B Cell receptor but in the future, it will become an ______
antibody
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What are the two steps to activate a B Cell?
1. Bind to pathogen 2. Receive signals from T Helper cells
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Once a B cell is active, how does it copy itself?
cell division
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When B Cells are copied, what can the copies become?
Plasma cells or memory B Cells
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What do plasma cells that were copied from B cells do?
produce a lot of antibody and die after a few days
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What do memory B Cells that were copied from B Cells do?
they do not produce antibody and become dormant for months/years
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When we are re-exposed, what do our memory B-Cells do?
They wake up and quickly copy themselves and the cycle repeats
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After your second exposure to an antibody (vaccine) do you feel sick shorter or longer than the first time (first shot)?
Shorter
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What do vaccines do?
Reduce spread of disease in a population that helps infants who are too young to get vaccinated and old people
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What is herd immunity?
Large enough % of population is immune and protects the rest
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(Vaccination 1) A vaccine is injected into our muscle. What will it build?
Spike protein
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(Vaccination 2) What will the RNA do in the muscle cell?
it will present for a short while the spike proteins will be on the edges of the muscle cell
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(Vaccination 3) What does the B Cell do to the spike protein?
It will bind to it
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(Vaccination 4) What does the T Cell do to the spike protein?
it will bind to the spike protein which is being presented by MHC
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What are immune system signals?
Important cytokines from T Cells needed for B Cell activation
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What will other cytokines calm down?
Immune system responses
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Where do macrophages live?
In our tissues
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What do macrophages do?
phagocytosis (eat bacterium) then destroys it and antigen presentation on surface
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What do macrophages send out to attract other immune cells?
Chemokines
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When chemokines are sent out, what happens?
granulocytes will crawl out of blood vessel and into tissue to find macrophage by looking for more concentrated chemokine
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What do macrophages secrete?
pyrogens
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What do pyrogens do?
can travel to brain and increase temperature setpoint in brain to cause fever
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High body temperature is a positive immune function, why?
It is a negative pathogen function
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What temperature should our body not exceed?
105
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What are interferons?
They are secreted by all our cells and can interfere with virus production
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If there is a virus in a body cell, the interferon will enter and make _____ _____
antiviral protein
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Why do our cells secrete interferons?
They do this when they are virus infected to warn neighbors
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What happens when a lot of interferons are present?
Reaches brain to cause fever
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What chromosomes are female?
XX
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What chromosomes are male?
XY
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What are the female gonads?
Ovaries
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What are the male gonads?
Testes
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T/F Ovaries are the default and testes develop if Y chromosome is present (expresses testes determining factor TDF).
True
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What is the purpose of ovaries/testes?
Make gametes
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What are gametes?
sperm/eggs (ova)
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How many pairs of chromosomes do all non-gamete cells have?
23 pairs
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Gametes do meiosis. What is meiosis?
Cell division that reduces the chromosomes to 23 half pairs (single)
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What is the purpose of meiosis?
adds more genetic diversity
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How much sperm is made in a day?
100-200 million, most is low quality
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What does the head of sperm contain?
DNA
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What does the neck of sperm have?
Mitochondria
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What does the tail of sperm do?
Swim
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At the tip of the head of the sperm there is acrosome. What does it do?
Carries enzymes to enter the egg
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What is the shaft of the penis?
long device to bring sperm inside uterus