NPB 10 - Final

Function of immune system

protects against infections caused by diseases

What causes diseases?

bacteria, viruses, large parasites, fungi

Viruses can enter our cells which can cause ____ _____ when viruses come out.

cell death

What are cancer cells?

our cells with mutations

What do cancer cells cause?

Increase in cell proliferation (uncontrolled)

What can large clump of cancer cells interfere with?

Normal organ function

What do mutated genes do?

Build proteins that look different and are detectable by immune system

What does our immune system distinguish?

Self from non-self

What are the primary immune sites?

bone marrow and thymus

What cells are born in the bone marrow?

all blood cells

What cells mature in the bone marrow?

B Cells

What cells mature in the thymus?

T Cells

What is maturation?

Cells learn to distinguish self from non-self

If maturation is not done well, what can happen?

Auto-immune disease

Where do immune cells go after maturation?

Secondary immune sites

What happens at secondary immune sites?

Immune cells can meet pathogens and become activated if they do meet

What are the secondary immune sites?

Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, peyer's patches

What does the spleen do?

Cleans blood of debris and dead cells

What do lymph nodes do?

Connected by ducts, similar to veins with valves

What do tonsils do?

check food for pathogens in mouth

What is branch 1 of the immune system?

innate immune system, we are born with this ready

What does Branch 1 recognize?

PAMPS, pathogen associated molecular proteins

What is Branch 1's advantage?

acts really fast

What is Branch 1's disadvantage?

it cannot remember a specific pathogen

What is branch 2 of the immune system?

Adaptive immune system/acquired immune system

Why does branch 2 act more slowly?

it has to learn to recognize a small piece of pathogen extremely well

What does Branch 2 build a response to?

Antigen

What is an antigen?

A small piece of pathogen

What are the cells of the immune system?

Granulocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes

What are granulocytes?

Filled with granules (packets of immune active substances)

What are neutrophilic granulocytes?

Most common white blood cell that eat cells

Which protein in the neutrophilic granulocyte presents the antigen?

MHC/HLA

T/F: MHC/HLA is involved in transplant rejection.

True

What is eosinophil?

chemicals that attack large parasites

What is basophil?

Secretes histamine functions to cause vasodilation. This helps recruit other immune cells by bringing in more blood.

What happens during anaphylactic shock?

too much histamine, blood vessels dilate, BP drops

What are macrophages?

Large cells that eat other cells

Where do macrophages initially travel? then what?

Blood (monocyte) then crawl out and live in between other cells (macrophage)

What are lymphocytes?

Small and round cells

What are the types of lymphocytes?

B Cells, T Cells, NK Cells

What does "NK" mean?

natural killer

What do B Cells do?

Make antibodies

What are antibodies?

large proteins, multiple parts

Our body makes millions of different anitbodies but each B Cell only makes...

one type

What are antibodies secreted into?

Blood

What does the variable domain (top part) of an antibody do?

Can bind to antigen

What does the constant domain (bottom) of an antibody do?

Talks to our cells

What do antibodies do?

Serve as a tag for destruction

What is the main goal of vaccination?

to have B Cells make antibodies

What do T Cells do?

Need to see antigens presented to them by cells our of immune system on MHC proteins

What are the two types of T Cells?

T-Helper Cells and Cytotoxic Cells

What do T-helper cells do?

organize the response by sending a message to cytokine

What do cytotoxic T Cells do?

Kill cells of our body that are virus infected or tumor cells

What cells does HIV attack to cause AIDs?

T-Helper cells

What group of immune cells are related to innate immune functions?

granulocytes, macrophages, NK cells

What group of immune cells are related to adaptive immune functions?

B Cells and T Cells

When we are trying to get an adaptive immune response, the variable domain is known as the B Cell receptor but in the future, it will become an ______

antibody

What are the two steps to activate a B Cell?

1. Bind to pathogen 2. Receive signals from T Helper cells

Once a B cell is active, how does it copy itself?

cell division

When B Cells are copied, what can the copies become?

Plasma cells or memory B Cells

What do plasma cells that were copied from B cells do?

produce a lot of antibody and die after a few days

What do memory B Cells that were copied from B Cells do?

they do not produce antibody and become dormant for months/years

When we are re-exposed, what do our memory B-Cells do?

They wake up and quickly copy themselves and the cycle repeats

After your second exposure to an antibody (vaccine) do you feel sick shorter or longer than the first time (first shot)?

Shorter

What do vaccines do?

Reduce spread of disease in a population that helps infants who are too young to get vaccinated and old people

What is herd immunity?

Large enough % of population is immune and protects the rest

(Vaccination 1) A vaccine is injected into our muscle. What will it build?

Spike protein

(Vaccination 2) What will the RNA do in the muscle cell?

it will present for a short while the spike proteins will be on the edges of the muscle cell

(Vaccination 3) What does the B Cell do to the spike protein?

It will bind to it

(Vaccination 4) What does the T Cell do to the spike protein?

it will bind to the spike protein which is being presented by MHC

What are immune system signals?

Important cytokines from T Cells needed for B Cell activation

What will other cytokines calm down?

Immune system responses

Where do macrophages live?

In our tissues

What do macrophages do?

phagocytosis (eat bacterium) then destroys it and antigen presentation on surface

What do macrophages send out to attract other immune cells?

Chemokines

When chemokines are sent out, what happens?

granulocytes will crawl out of blood vessel and into tissue to find macrophage by looking for more concentrated chemokine

What do macrophages secrete?

pyrogens

What do pyrogens do?

can travel to brain and increase temperature setpoint in brain to cause fever

High body temperature is a positive immune function, why?

It is a negative pathogen function

What temperature should our body not exceed?

105

What are interferons?

They are secreted by all our cells and can interfere with virus production

If there is a virus in a body cell, the interferon will enter and make _____ _____

antiviral protein

Why do our cells secrete interferons?

They do this when they are virus infected to warn neighbors

What happens when a lot of interferons are present?

Reaches brain to cause fever

What chromosomes are female?

XX

What chromosomes are male?

XY

What are the female gonads?

Ovaries

What are the male gonads?

Testes

T/F Ovaries are the default and testes develop if Y chromosome is present (expresses testes determining factor TDF).

True

What is the purpose of ovaries/testes?

Make gametes

What are gametes?

sperm/eggs (ova)

How many pairs of chromosomes do all non-gamete cells have?

23 pairs

Gametes do meiosis. What is meiosis?

Cell division that reduces the chromosomes to 23 half pairs (single)

What is the purpose of meiosis?

adds more genetic diversity

How much sperm is made in a day?

100-200 million, most is low quality

What does the head of sperm contain?

DNA

What does the neck of sperm have?

Mitochondria

What does the tail of sperm do?

Swim

At the tip of the head of the sperm there is acrosome. What does it do?

Carries enzymes to enter the egg

What is the shaft of the penis?

long device to bring sperm inside uterus