Pre-AP History Final Study Guide

Killam's Final Study Guide

Zeus

King of the gods, controls sky and thunder.

Hera

Goddess of marriage, women, and family.

Poseidon

God of the sea and earthquakes.

King Midas

Granted wish to turn everything to gold.

Dionysus

God associated with wine and revelry.

Athena

Goddess of wisdom and strategic warfare.

Apollo

God of music, prophecy, and healing.

Pandora

First woman, opened box releasing evils.

Icarus

Tragic hero who flew too close to the sun.

Daedalus

Icarus's father, creator of the wax wings.

Tiber River

Strategic river aiding Rome's trade routes.

Etruscans

Influential traders and metalworkers in early Rome.

Roman Republic

Representative democracy established after Etruscan rule.

Punic Wars

Conflicts with Carthage over Mediterranean control.

Checks and balances

System preventing dominance of any government office.

Consuls

Two highest elected officials in Roman Republic.

Dictator

Appointed in emergencies, holds full governmental power.

Cincinnatus

Famous dictator who returned to farming after service.

Civic virtue

Ideal of selfless service to the community.

Patricians

Upper class in Roman society.

Plebeians

Common people in Roman society.

Roman citizenship

Rights granted to conquered peoples, unique practice.

Trade routes

Paths facilitating commerce and cultural exchange.

Latifundia

Large estates in Rome for commercial agriculture.

Gracchi Brothers

Advocates for plebeian social reforms in Rome.

Wang Mang

Chinese emperor known for land redistribution.

Civil War

Conflict between Marius and Sulla in Rome.

General Marius

Military leader supporting plebeian interests.

General Sulla

Military leader supporting patrician interests.

Julius Caesar

Dictator who centralized military and reformed land.

Pax Romana

Period of peace and prosperity in Rome.

Augustus

First Roman emperor, reorganized military and government.

Roman Roads

Infrastructure facilitating trade and military movement.

Slavery in Rome

Slaves constituted one-third of the population.

Roman Women

Held authority over family despite limited rights.

Economic Growth

Expansion of territories under Roman rule increased wealth.

Mithraism

Sun-worshipping cult promising salvation to soldiers.

Judaism

Monotheistic religion predating the Roman Empire.

Cult of Isis

Popular religion in Rome before Christianity.

Christianity

Religion based on the teachings of Jesus.

Paul of Tarsus

Disciple who spread Christianity across Roman territories.

Trade Flourishment

Increased commerce due to Pax Romana and roads.

Roman Navy

Protected trade routes from pirate threats.

Public Works Projects

Initiatives by Caesar providing jobs for the poor.

Entertainment Spectacles

Large events sponsored by Caesar to gain popularity.

Military Allegiance

Augustus ensured loyalty of military to himself.

Christian Church

Developed structured authority over several centuries.

Spartan Women

Had more rights than women in other city-states.

Economic Activities

Women participated actively in shops and marketplaces.

Education for Women

Wealthy women in Greece were taught to read.

Physical Exercise in Sparta

Prescribed for women to bear strong children.

Military Training

Boys began rigorous training at age seven.

Spartan Militarism

Focus on military prowess distinguished Spartan society.

Olympic Games

Major event fostering shared Greek cultural identity.

Greek Philosophy

Involves questioning everything in pursuit of truth.

Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

Main proponents of Greek philosophical thought.

Plato's Ideal Government

Advocated monarchy based on wisdom and intelligence.

City-States

Greece was a collection of independent city-states.

Athens and Corinth

Most successful and affluent Greek city-states.

Strategic Locations

Facilitated trade crucial for city-state economies.

Limited Arable Land

Greece's terrain made surplus food challenging.

Solon's Compromise

Settled disputes between aristocrats and lower classes.

Payment for Office Holders

Allowed broader citizen participation in governance.

Delian League

Alliance formed for defense against Persian aggression.

Peloponnesian War

Conflict between Athens and Sparta, ending in Athenian surrender.

Alexander the Great

Spread Greek culture across vast territories.

Achaemenid Empire

Largest empire in ancient history, defeated by Alexander.

City of Alexandria

Founded by Alexander in Egypt, a cultural hub.

Alexandria

City founded by Alexander, symbolizing his legacy.

Library of Alexandria

Renowned library, intellectual center of the ancient world.

Hellenistic Empires

Three empires formed after Alexander's death.

Ptolemaic Kingdom

Hellenistic empire located in Egypt.

Seleucid Empire

Hellenistic empire in the eastern regions.

Antigonid Dynasty

Hellenistic rule in Macedonia after Alexander.

Hellenistic Period

Era blending Greek and local cultures.

Silk Road

Network of trade routes connecting East and West.

Trade Goods

Diverse items exchanged along the Silk Road.

Blown Glassware

Advanced Roman glassmaking product traded on Silk Road.

Cultural Exchange

Sharing of ideas and practices among different cultures.

Buddhism

Religion from India that spread to China.

Khotan

Oasis town exemplifying multicultural trade and exchange.

Bilingual Coins

Coins issued in multiple languages reflecting cultural diversity.

Roman Persecution

Roman Empire's efforts to suppress Christianity.

Emperor Constantine

Allowed open practice of Christianity in Rome.

Council of Nicaea

Defined Christian doctrine and church hierarchy.

St. Augustine

Theologian who explained Christianity to educated Romans.

Manichaeans

Religious group persecuted by the Roman authorities.

Cultural Interaction

Exchange of languages and religious practices in trade hubs.

Economic Prosperity

Wealth generated through trade in Alexandria's harbor.

Intellectual Exchange

Ideas shared along trade routes, shaping societies.

Manichaeism

Religion depicting cosmic struggle between good and evil.

Elect

Devout followers of Manichaeism.

Hearers

Less committed followers of Manichaeism.

Sassanid Empire

Rival empire to Rome, origin of Manichaeism.

Zoroastrianism

State religion of Persia opposing Manichaeism.

Fall of Empires

Decline due to internal and external pressures.

Diocletian

Roman emperor who split the empire into east and west.

Constantine

Emperor who reversed the split and moved capital.

Byzantine Empire

Eastern Roman Empire after the western fall.

Barracks Emperors

Period of 26 rulers in 50 years in Rome.