Lecture Notes Review: Periodic Table, Graphite/Diamond, and Phosphorus Allotropes

A set of Q&A flashcards covering periodic table trends, carbon allotropes, semiconductors, metal properties, and phosphorus allotropes as described in the lecture notes.

Which elements are located to the left of the diagonal line in the periodic table, according to the notes?

Nonmetals.

Which element is typically placed in two places on the periodic table due to its unique properties?

Hydrogen.

What do you call elements that have properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals and touch two sides of the diagonal line?

Metalloids.

What is the Lanthanide series and which elements numbers does it include as mentioned?

A block of metals in the periodic table, consisting of elements 58–71 (the Lanthanide series).

Describe the structure of graphite in terms of carbon layers and interlayer bonding.

Graphite has layers of carbon in six‑membered rings; strong bonds within each layer and no chemical bonds between layers.

How does the bonding in diamond compare to graphite?

Diamond forms a three‑dimensional network with each carbon bonded to four neighbors.

Name the two elements highlighted as semiconductors in the notes.

Silicon and Germanium.

What do malleable and ductile describe in metals?

Malleable means metals can be hammered or bent into shapes; ductile means they can be drawn into wires.

What allotropes of phosphorus are mentioned, and which is the most toxic?

White, red, violet, and black phosphorus; white phosphorus is the most toxic.

What is a dangerous property of white phosphorus when exposed to air?

It ignites spontaneously in air at temperatures as low as about 30°C and glows in the dark.

What compound forms when white phosphorus reacts with oxygen?

Phosphorus pentoxide.

What happens when phosphorus pentoxide comes into contact with water?

It forms phosphoric acid.

How is white phosphorus safely stored?

Under water to prevent ignition.

What safety measure is used to extinguish a white phosphorus fire according to the demonstration?

Cover with a crystallizing dish to cut off the oxygen supply.

Why can graphite be used to write with a pencil and leave marks on paper?

Because layers of graphite are easily scraped off; there are strong bonds within layers but no bonds between layers.

What color change can white phosphorus exhibit when exposed to light?

It can turn yellow.