content for bio depth study

penicillin

ampicillin class of antibiotic

ampicillin mode of action

attaches to penicillin-binding proteins and inhibits cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis

works against e coli, salmonella etc.

ampicillin effectiveness

ampicillin resistance

bacteria become resistant to ampicillin by producing β-lactamase enzymes. This enzyme cleaves the β-lactam ring of ampicillin to inactivate it.

meningitis, uti etc.

what is ampicillin used to treat

bactericidal

kill microbes by damaging cell wall or membrane e.g. penicillin

bacteriostatic

prevent from replicating or inhibits translation e.g. streptomycin

how does tea tree oil work

contains compounds like terpinen-4-ol which disrupts structural integrity of some bacteria, viruses and fungi

tea tree oil effects

modulates immune response, reduces swelling

e. coli, h influenzae etc

what does tea tree oil work on

acne, athlete’s foot etc

ailments cured by tea tree oil

type of antimicrobial used (antiseptic tea tree oil vs antibiotic ampicillin)

independent variable

growth of E. coli bacteria- measured by diameter of clear zone around each antimicrobial substance 

dependent variable

starting amount of bacteria, time, amount of agar

controlled variables

types of antiviral drugs

anti-herpetic agents and anti-influenza agents

broad spectrum antibiotics

e.g. tetracycline, work on a range of microbes

narrow spectrum antibiotics

e.g. penicillin, work on only a couple types of microbes

may disrupt host’s normal microflora

disadvantage of broad spectrum antibiotics

horizontal gene transfer

bacteria can share genes e.g. transferring antibiotic resistance

kakadu plum

bush medicine remedy with high vitamin c

inflammatory ailments

what does kakadu plum treat

smoke bush

can destroy low concentrations of HIV

tetracycline mode of action

inhibits protein synthesis of gram postive, gram negative and typical bacteria

mostly bacteriostatic but some organism-specific bactericidal activity

is tetracycline bacteriostatic or bactericidal

tetracycline resistance

tet proteins can pump tetracycline out of cells or block the antibiotic from binding to ribosomes

chloramphenicol mode of action

inhibits microbial protein synthesis by stopping peptide bond formation

chloramphenicol effectiveness

effective against a broad range of microbes but has serious side effects e.g. bone marrow issues

chloramphenicol resistance

bacteria use CAT enzyme to modify chloramphenicol

Bacteriostatic but may be bactericidal in high concentrations

is chloramphenicol bacteriostatic or bactericidal

eye infections, cholera, typhoid

applications of chloramphenicol

macrolide

class of erythromycin

erythromycin mode of action

binds to part of bacterial ribosome and causes a blockage in peptide chain synthesis

works against gram positive and gram negative bacteria

erythromycin effectiveness

modifying ribosome binding site, or enzyme inactivation of antibiotic

erythromycin resistance

can be either depending on concentration of drug and susceptibility of bacteria

is erythromycin bactericidal or bacteriostatic

eucalyptus oil mode of action

eucalyptol inhibits production of pro-inflammatory cytokines

clove oil mode of action

main component eugenol acts as an anesthetic and antibacterial- numbs nerve endings

clove oil effectiveness

kills staph bacterial cells and inhibits growth of fungi