SBI3U Evolution Test

Charles Darwin

scientist who created theory of evolution by natural selection

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

scientist who created a theory based on use and disuse

Georges Cuvier

scientist who founded paleontology and proposed catastrophism

Charles Lyell

scientist who proposed uniformitarianism and an old Earth

Alfred Russel Wallace

scientist who created independent theory of evolution similar to Darwin's

Biogeography

study of geographic distribution of organisms

Homologous Features

similar structures with common origin but different functions

Analogous Features

similar functions but different evolutionary origins

Vestigial Features

rudimentary structures with little current function

Directional Selection

favors one extreme phenotype

Stabilizing Selection

favors the average phenotype

Disruptive Selection

favors both extreme phenotypes

Sexual Selection

selection for traits that improve mating success

Adaptive Radiation

many new species filling niches

Divergent Evolution

species evolve different traits from common ancestor

Convergent Evolution

unrelated species evolve similar traits

Coevolution

two species evolve in response to each other

Mutation

source of new genetic variation

Allopatric Speciation

speciation due to geographic isolation

Sympatric Speciation

speciation without geographic isolation

Prezygotic Isolation

prevents fertilization from occurring

Postzygotic Isolation

prevents hybrid offspring from developing or reproducing

Phylogeny

evolutionary history and relationships among species

Cladogram

diagram showing evolutionary relationships

Clade

group with common ancestor and all descendants

Modern Evolutionary Synthesis

combines natural selection with genetics

Genetic Drift

change in allele frequencies due to random chance

Gene Flow

transfer of alleles between populations via migration

Founder Effect

genetic drift when new population starts from few individuals

Bottleneck Effect

genetic drift after population size drastically reduces

Artificial Selection

humans breed organisms for desired traits

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

allele frequencies stay constant if no disturbances

Reproductive Isolation

prevents species from producing viable offspring

Behavioral Isolation

different mating rituals prevent interbreeding

Temporal Isolation

species breed at different times

Ecological Isolation

species occupy different habitats

Mechanical Isolation

physical incompatibility of reproductive structures

Gametic Isolation

gametes cannot fuse or recognize each other

Hybrid Inviability

hybrid dies before birth or cannot survive

Gene Pool

all alleles in a population

Natural Selection

organisms better adapted survive and reproduce more

Evolution

change in genetic makeup of population over time

Fitness

ability to survive and reproduce

Adaptation

inherited characteristic that increases survival chance

Variation

differences in traits among individuals

Selective Pressure

environmental factors influencing survival

Biogeographical Evidence

species distribution patterns suggest evolution

Embryological Evidence

similar early development suggests common ancestry

Molecular Evidence

DNA and protein similarities indicate relationships

Fossil Evidence

ancient remains show species changes over time

Polyploidy

having extra chromosome sets

Genetic Equilibrium

allele frequencies remain constant

Gene Transfer Technology

inserting genes from one species to another

Bt Gene

gene from bacteria that makes plants insect-resistant

Golden Rice

genetically modified rice with beta-carotene

Tissue Culturing

growing plant cells in lab to produce clones

Mass Selection

saving seeds from best plants for replanting

Pure Line Selection

breeding plants over generations to fix traits

Cross Breeding

mating varieties to combine desirable traits