Chapter 2 Bonds and Reactions

Lecture 4

Orbital

3 dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time

How many electrons can each orbit have a max of

2

Lone Pair

Electrons can copy an orbital

How do you make a polar molecule

Electrons concentrated on one side of a molecule

Weak Chemical Bonds

Found between molecules or within large protein molecules

Hydrogen Bonds

The attraction between a partially positively charged hydrogen atom attached to a highly electronegative atom and the lone pair electron on another nearby electronegative atom

Van Der Waals Interactions

Weak attractions between neighboring molecules (either polar or nonpolar) that result from localized charge fluctuations (Condon dispersion forces)

Chemical Reactions

Are making and breaking of chemical bonds

Reactants and Products

Reactants

Starting molecules of a reaction

Products

Final molecules of a reaction

Law of Conservation of Matter

Matter can not be created nor destroyed just rearranged

Equilibrium

Many chemical reactions are reversible

Chemical Equilibrium

Reached when the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal

Le Chateliers Principle

If a chemical system at equilibrium experiences a change in concentration, the equilibrium shifts to counteract the change

Molecular shape and function

The precise shape of a molecule is important to its function

Shape is reinforced by weak bonds

Molecular Shape

Determined how biological molecules recognize and respond to one another with specificity

The types of molecules that van der Waals interactions are

Both nonpolar and polar