Honors Biology Unit 3 Summer Test Review Flashcards

Comprehensive review of Honors Biology Unit 3, covering enzyme kinetics, ATP/ADP cycles, photosynthesis reactions/pathways, and cellular respiration processes.

Step 2 of Enzyme-Substrate Complex

The phase where the enzyme is breaking bonds in the substrate.

Catalyzed reaction

A reaction that will have a lower activation energy, leading to an increase in the reaction rate.

Substrate

The molecule that an enzyme binds to.

Endothermic

Chemical reactions that absorb more energy than they release.

Denatured

When the shape of an enzyme changes, specifically the active site needed for binding to substrates, often as a result of pH changes beyond the enzyme's active range.

ATP ($ADP+P$)

The chemical reaction that directly provides chemical energy for most cell functions.

Energy release from ATP

Occurs when an ATP molecule loses a phosphate group.

Carbohydrates

The macromolecule the body will use first as a means of obtaining energy.

ADP Molecule Components

Consists of the sugar, nitrogenous base, and the first two phosphate groups, excluding the third phosphate group ($D$).

Light-dependent reactions products

ATP and NADPH, which are utilized in the light-independent reactions.

Photosynthesis purpose

Performed in order to store chemical energy.

Chlorophyll

Absorbs solar energy needed to create the sugars in plants.

Balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis

$$6CO_2 + 6H_2O + \text{light} \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2$$

Light-dependent reaction (Location/Reactant/Product)

Occurs in the thylakoid membrane, uses $H_2O$, makes $O_2$, and moves ATP, NADPH, and $H^+$ from $H_2O$ to the next step.

PGA

The two $3$-carbon molecules formed when an unstable $6$-carbon molecule splits during the Split step of the Calvin Cycle.

G3P

Molecules converted from PGA; one leaves to become part of glucose ($C_6H_{12}O_6$) while others switch back to RuBP.

Stroma

The location in the chloroplast where the Calvin Cycle occurs.

CAM plants

Plants like cacti and pineapple that close their stomata during the day and open them at night to prevent water loss in dry/hot environments.

C4 plants

Plants like corn and sugar cane that partially close their stomata during the hottest part of the day, requiring only half as much water as normal plants.

Glycolysis

Occurs in the cytoplasm, splits glucose, and produces a net gain of $2$ pyruvates, $2$ ATP, and NADH.

Krebs Cycle

Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, uses $2$ pyruvates from Glycolysis, and makes $CO_2$, $2$ ATP, NADH, and $FADH_2$.

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria (cristae), uses $O_2$, and makes $H_2O$ and $34$ ATP.

Balanced chemical equation for aerobic cellular respiration

$$C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + \text{energy (ATP)}$$

Lactic acid fermentation

Occurs in animals when oxygen is not present; converts pyruvate from glycolysis into lactic acid and $2$ ATP.

Alcohol fermentation

Occurs in yeast when oxygen is not present; converts pyruvate from glycolysis into alcohol, $CO_2$, and $2$ ATP.