Applied Animal Nutrition Final

What happens to amino acid as boilers go from starter to finisher?

amino acids in diet decrease

At which phase for broilers is lysine highest?

starter

In increase in energy is a ____ in feed intake

decrease

What are the changes to CP and energy content for broilers as they age?

CP decreases, but ME increases

What TDN:CP is associated with positive associative effect?

7:1

What is positive associative effects?

consumption of one feed will result in an increase in another

What effects does a positive associative effect have on ruminal fermentation and microbial growth?

increasing the protein allows for more microbial growth and fermentation

When should you expect positive associative effects?

• low quality forage with protein levels below 6% CP, resulting in N deficiency, decreasing rate of digestibility

• feeding high ruminal degradable protein

• more microbes increase DMI

When should you expect negative associative effects?

• low quailty forage with protein levels below 6% CP

• feeding high starch lowers pH below 6 and decreases the cellulose-digesting microbes

• fewer cellulolytic microbes slow rate of digestion and lower DMI

What type of forage is with a postive associative effect?

low quality, low protein forage like prarie hay

What type of supplement is with a positive associative effect?

high protein supplement, like cottonseed meal or legume

Methane loss is ___% of GE

35%

What VFAs are associated with methane production?

acetate and butyrate from forage diet increases methane production in ruminants.

What are the strategies to reduce methane production in the rumen?

propionate (concentrate diets) decrease methane

What is a nutrient?

any food component (chemical) that aids in the support of life

What are the 6 nutrients?

water, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, minerals, and vitamins.

What is the purpose of water?

solvent for biological systems, transport of digesta and nutrients, excretion of waste, lubrication, shaping, and cushioning, and substrate for chemical reactions

What is the purpose of carbohydrates?

source of energy for bodily functions, and carbon skeletons for building other nutrients

What is the purpose of proteins?

constituents of organs and soft tissues; enzymes, hormones, antibodies, hide/hair/wool, and milk synthesis

What is the purpose of lipids?

dietary energy source, essential fatty acids, insulation, carrier of fat soluble vitamins, and major facotr in quality grading of beef

What is the purpose of minerals?

growth and development of bones, teeth, and soft tissues, regulation of cell acid-base balance, component of enzymes, regulation of body properties

What are the fat soluble vitamins and their functions?

• A: vision, repro

• D:. calcium and phosphorus absorption, and Ca homeostasis

• E: intracellular and extracellular antioxidant within cell membranes

• K: blood coagulation

What are the water soluble vitamins and their function?

vitamin B complex: energy produciton, RBC formaiton, brain function

What is a balanced TDN:CP ratio?

4:1 to 7:1

A TDN under 4:1 shows what?

excess protein, don’t have eneough energy so excess N

A TDN over 7:1 shows what?

protein deficiency, too much energy to protein and working too much N

What is the supplement respone to over 7:1?

feed a small amount of a high protein supplement = positive effect

What is the supplement response to under 4:1?

feeding a high starch-based supplment (drops pH, cellulolytic microbes, and rate of passage) = negative effect

How do you calculate supplemental efficiency?

Supplemental efficiency = Supplement fed / additional gain from supplement

What is the order of the energy system partitioning?

GE > DE > ME > Net Energy

What energy loss is from GE to DE?

Fecal Energy Loss (FE)

What energy loss is from DE to ME?

Urinary Energy Loss (UE) and Gaseous Energy Loss (GASE)

What energy loss is from ME to NE?

Heat energy loss (HE)

Net energy is seperated into…

NE for production and NE for maintenance

Crude Fiber (CF) measures …

nitrogen %

NFE (nitrogen-free extract) estimates ….

non-fibrous carbohydrates

Why are CF and NFE abandoned?

They are no longer used in most feed energy systems due to their poor ability to predict the digestibilty of carbohydrate components (CF fraction is still on commercial feed bags)

What has replaced CF analysis for fed testing and why?

Van Soest Method, more accurate in estimating fiber components and their digestibility. (NDF and ADF)

NDF (neutral detergent fiber) predicts …

DMI

ADF (acid detergent diber) predicts …

digestibitly of forage by ruminants

excellent fiber content has what % NDF and ADF

</= 64% NDF

</= 38% ADF

What are the results of excess protein feeding?

NH2 is removed and excreted in urine and remiaing carbon skeleton is used for energy

lower milk production, lower DM

Excess undegradable protein results in?

dry manure

Excess degradable manure results in?

loose manure

What are the results of overfeeding energy?

excessive excretion of nutrients, excessive fat deposition, possible toxicity/death

What mineral is a problem in sheep?

copper

How does copper toxicity affect sheep?

causes liver damage

How is true digestibility different from apparent digestibility?

apparent digestibilty assumes all fecal material is undigested feed, while true digestiblty accounts for metabolic fecal nitrogen

What are the causes to fescue toxicosis?

fungal endophyte in tall fescue

What are the symptoms to fescue toxicity?

restricts blood flow to extremities; fescue foot, decreased appetie, rough hair coat, arched back, soreness in rear feed, loss of tail switch

When are issues with fescue toxicity most prevalent?

late fall and winter, but can occur year round

Why is water important?

Water is vital for hydration, digestion, nutrient absorption, and temperature regulation in animals.

What are the physiological functions of water?

solvent for many biological systems, transport of digests and nutrients, excretion of waste, lubrication, shaping, cushioning, and substrate for chemical reactions

loss of __% body water causes dehydration and potential death

10%

How are water intake and feed intake linked?

reductions in water availability or intake limits feed intake and production

As DMI increases above maintenance, how is the digestible energy content of feeds affected?

DMI has little impact on DE, but it will decrease slightly

Why does DE decrease with increased DMI?

the partilce size is decrased, incresing rate of passage, causing reduced residence time in rumen for MCO digestion and fermenation

DE decreases by ___% for each increment of intake equivalent to maintence

4% (2x maintenance = 4% decrease DE)

What is PEM?

Polioencepalomalacia

neurological disease in ruminants associated with low thiamine and high sulfur intake

What nutrients are involved with PEM?

high sulfur affects Cu and other thaimine absorption

What are the symptoms of PEM?

Polio, star gazer

What are the essential amino acids?

Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine, Typtophan, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Arginine, Leucine, and Lysine

[PVT TIM HALL]

What 4 amino acids are most limiting for monogastrics?

threonine, tryptophan, methionine, and lysine

What is the first limiting amino acid for swin in cord diets?

lysine

How can you reduce CP in diet and still meet AA?

synthetic AA

How are feeding and supplementation of grazing cattle different?

Feeding provides an entirely new diet, while supplementation add nutrients on top of preexisting diet

At what feeding rate does supplementation become feeding?

when supplementation exceeds 0.5% of BW

What is the BCS for beef cattle? what is the target?

1-9

5 is target

What is the BCS for dairy cattle? what is the target?

1-5

3.25 is target

The BCS for dairy cattle increases by ___ increments

0.25

What is the BCS for sheep? what is the target?

1-5

target is 2+ to 3+

In beef cattle how much BW is associated with 1 BCS change?

7%

Define maintenance energy requirements.

Energy needed for an animal to neither gain nor lose BW- energy for vital bodily functions, maintain body temperature, protein for tissue repair

How much of the annual energy use for a beef cow is associated with maintenance energy?

69%

What are the results of feeding excess sulfur?

Excess sulfur can lead to toxicity symptoms such as polioencephalomalacia, reduced feed intake, and impaired copper absorption, ultimately affecting overall animal health.

How is thiamine involved with excess sulfur?

Excess sulfur creates a thiamine deficiency

What issues occur from too much sulfur?

polio, PEN, star gazer

What are ionophores?

compounds that disrupt the Na/K homeostasis and result in changes to cytosolic pH

What are the target bacterial species of ionophores?

gram-positive bacteria

What changes do ionophores cause in VFA and greenhouse gas produciton?

They increase the amount of propionate and lower acetate, creating more VFAs like butryate. Altering VFA's leads to reduced methane production and lower greehouse gasses

Do ionophores need a VFD script? Why?

No, they are not relevant to humans and are considered safe for use in livestock.

What does VFD stand for?

veterinary feed directive

What hormone analogues are most common in growth-promoting implants?

estrogenic (estradiol and zeranol) and testoterone analogues

How do growth-promoting implants impact performance, red meat yield, and fat accretion?

Prolong time spent in rapid lean tissue depostion, shift down the fat accretion curve, increase muscle, increase red meat yield by 8.5%

What are beta-agonists? How do they impact fat accretion and muscle accretion?

(mimic the affects of adrenaline) Beta-agonists stimulate beta-receptors, speeding up rate of fat release or burning from fat cells and decreasing rate of fat deposition while partitioning more nutreints to protein synthesis and muscle growth and decrasing rate of protein degradation

What are the 3 FDA approved beta-agonists?

Ractopamine, Zilpaterol, and Lubabegron.

How does the new beta/agonist have an enviromental impact?

Lubabegron helps to improve N use efficiency through reducing ammonina emissions

What are the causes to dog and cat obesity?

overfeeding, imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure

What is the difference between hypertrophic obesity and hyperplastic obesity?

• hypertrophic: enlargement of fat cell size

• hyperplastic: increase in both fat cell size and fat cell number

Overweight is when BW is ____ higher, while obese is ___ higher

Overweight is when BW is _10-20%___ higher, while obese is _over 20%__ higher

What is leptin, and what does it do to appetite?

Leptin is an anorexigenic cytokine produced by adipocytes that suppresses appetite

What is ghrelin, and how does it affect appetite?

Ghrelin is an enteric orexigenic peptide that stimulates appetite

What are the impacts of obestiy on companion animal health?

• diabetes due to glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia

• health problems due to increased plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations

• pulmonary and cardiovascular disease

• secondary hypertension

• dermatoses

What is the link between high-starch diets and colic/laminitis?

High starch diets can lead to colic (abdominal pain) and laminitis (a painful condition affecting the sensitive tissues that connect the hoof wall to the coffin bone within the hoof) because the excessive starch can overwhelm the digestive system, leading to hindgut fermenation and production of lactic acid

How do you manage feeding to reduce the risk of laminitis and colic?

Prioritize a forage-based diet, limit or eliminate grains and concentrates, and provide consistent exercise and proper hydration

Why are AA less important in horses than other monogastrics?

Horses practice coprophagy, eating fecal material. The feces contain microbial protein that is digested by digestive enzymes in the small intestine, resulting in amino acids absorbed