Respiratory and Digestive System

6 functions of the respiratory system:

-cleaning & humidifying air
-ventilation
-gas exchange
-gas transport
-smell
-speech

what compose the lower respiratory tract?

-voice box (larynx)
-windpipe (trachea)
-bronchial tubes
-lungs

what compose the upper respiratory tract?

-nose and nasal cavity
-throat (pharynx)

what open into the nasal cavity?

the nares (nostrils)

the nasal _____________ divides the nasal cavity into 2 sides

septum

the nasal septum is made of

bone & cartilage

what do the nasal conchae do?

warm, humidify, and clean air

the nasal cavity is lined with

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (PSCC) with goblet cells

what warms the air in the nasal cavity?

large blood supply

where are olfactory receptors located?

on superior nasal concha and adjacent septum

what do the paranasal sinuses do?

-resonate voice
-lighten skull
-trap microbes

the throat is the

pharynx

the pharynx extends from the ___________ ____________ _________________ to the end of the ____________

posterior nasal aperature; larynx

what is the function of the pharynx?

-passageway for food and air
-resonating chamber for speech production
-has tonsils to protect from infection

the pharynx is divided into the

-nasopharynx
-oropharynx
-laryngopharynx

the larynx is made of

cartilage & connective tissue

what are the 3 single cartilages that construct the larynx?

thyroid, epiglottis, & cricoid

what are the 3 paired cartilages that construct the larynx?

arytenoid, corniculate, & cuneiform

the larynx is also known as the

voice box

what contains the vocal folds (cords)?

the larynx

the larynx ends when it

divides into 2 bronchi

the ________________ has 16 to 20 incomplete C-shaped cartilage rings

trachea

the trachea is lined with

PSCC (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium)

the ___________ lung has 3 lobes

right

the __________ lung has 2 lobes

left

what fits into the cardiac notch of the left lung?

the apex of the heart

the base of the lungs fits on top of the

diaphragm

the area in the middle of the lungs where blood vessels and airways enter is the

hilum

the lungs are covered by a ____________ membrane

pleural

the ___________ and ____________ pleura form the pleural membrane

visceral and parietal

the Main Bronchi branch into

lobar bronchi (secondary bronchi)

the lobar bronchi branch into

segmental (tertiary) bronchi

the segmental bronchi branch into

bronchioles

the bronchioles branch into

terminal bronchioles

the terminal bronchioles branch into

pulmonary lobules

the pulmonary lobules branch into

respiratory bronchioles

the respiratory bronchioles branch into

alveolar sacs

what is the function of the main, lobar, and segmental bronchi?

to conduct air to and from the lungs

the first airways to exchange blood gasses are in the

respiratory bronchioles to alveolar sacs

the _______________ ________________ supply air to the lobules

terminal bronchioles

what do alveolar ducts do?

supply air to alveolar sacs

what does surfactant do?

reduces surface tension

what cells make surfactant?

Type II Great Alveolar Cells

the diaphragm _______________ to enlarge the chest during inhalation

contracts

Boyle's law states that as pressure increases, volume (space) ______________

decreases

air pressure in the lungs gets greater as you

exhale

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

greater than atmospheric pressure

during exhalation, the diaphragm

relaxes

at rest, alveolar pressure is ___________ ___________ atmospheric pressure

equal to

exercise requires other ____________ to become involved

muscles

what causes surface tension?

the thin layer of fluid in the alevoli

insufficient surfactant in babies causes their

alveoli to collapse at the end of each exhalation

what diseases reduce pulmonary compliance?

tuberculosis, pulmonary edema, and paralysis

pulmonary edema causes

fluid in the lungs and reduced surfactant

________________ is one measure of a quantity of air

volume

what device is used to measure volumes and capacities?

a spirometer or respirometer

a record of respiratory movement is called a

spirogram

ventilation rate is

number of breaths per minute

normal (relaxed) ventilation rate is

12-18 breaths per minute

the amount of air in one breath is

tidal volume

resting tidal volume is around _______ mL

500 (half a liter)

does all of the tidal volume reach the alveoli?

no

out of 500 mL of resting tidal volume, how much reaches the the alveoli?

350 mL

IRV is

inspiratory reserve volume

the additional volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort after the tidal volume is

inspiratory reserve volume

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) can reach more than

3 liters

_______________ _____________ _________________ provides more inhaled air when active

inspiratory reserve volume

the additional volume of air that can be exhaled after the tidal volume is

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) might be around

1 liter

the volume of air that cannot be exhaled is

Residual Volume (RV)

Residual Volume is around

1 liter

Residual Volume is necessary to

keep the lungs inflated

you cannot breathe all of the air out of your lungs without

collapsing them

the maximum amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one respiratory cycle is

Vital Capacity (VC)

the equation of vital capacity is

TV+IRV+ERV

(tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume)

control of ventilation is located in the

respiratory centers of the Medulla Oblongata

the Inspiratory Area of the Medulla Oblongata innervates what muscles?

the diaphragm and external intercostal (rib) muscles

what 4 things influence breathing

-body temperature
-proprioceptors
-chemicals
-Inflation Reflex

______________ in body temperature can slow down breathing

decrease

In external respiration, O2 diffuses

from blood into alveoli

In external respiration, CO2 diffuses

from blood into alveoli

what do the tissues use O2 for?

Aerobic cell respiration to make ATP

In internal respiration, O2 diffuses

from blood into tissues

In internal respiration, CO2 diffuses

from tissues into blood

oxygen makes up what percent of atmospheric air?

21%

carbon dioxide makes up what percent of atmospheric air?

0.04%

oxygen makes up what percent of alveolar air?

13.6%

carbon dioxide makes up what percent of alveolar air?

5.2%

why is do we have less O2 in our lungs than in the atmosphere?

because we use the oxygen in our blood for ATP

why do our alveoli have a greater percentage of CO2 than the atmosphere?

because we add CO2 from our blood into the alveoli

there is a high amount of water vapor in the

alveoli

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures states that

the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of pressure contributed by each individual gas

standard atmospheric pressure is

760 mmHg

since the concentration of O2 is greater in alveolar air than in deoxygenated blood, O2 diffuses

into blood

since the concentration of CO2 is greater in deoxygenated blood than in alveolar air, CO2 diffuses

into alveolus

gases will diffuse to where there's

less of it

why does CO2 diffuse into the alveoli?

to get breathed out!

stuff dissolves faster in ____ liquids

hot

at higher temperatures, ___________ gas will dissolve

LESS

what law states that the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and the solubility of the gas in liquid?

Henry's Law