geography key terms

Uneven Development

Differences in economic growth and quality of life across regions.

Economic Development and Quality of Life

Progress in an economy leading to improved living standards.

Physical Causes

Natural factors like climate, natural disasters, or resource availability.

Economic Causes

Trade imbalances or dependence on primary products.

Historical Causes

Colonialism or conflicts affecting development.

Wealth Disparity

Unequal distribution of income and resources globally.

Health Inequality

Differences in healthcare access and outcomes between regions.

International Migration

Movement of people across borders for better opportunities.

Economic Growth in LICs/NEEs

Increase in economic activity in Low-Income Countries and Newly Emerging Economies.

Quality of Life

General well-being, including economic, social, and environmental factors.

Gross National Income (GNI)

Total income of a country, including income from abroad.

Birth Rate

Number of live births per 1,000 people per year.

Death Rate

Number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.

Infant Mortality

Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births per year.

Life Expectancy

Average number of years a person is expected to live.

People per Doctor

Number of people served by one doctor.

Literacy Rate

Percentage of people who can read and write.

Human Development Index (HDI)

Composite measure of GNI, life expectancy, and education.

Demographic Transition Model

Model showing population change as a country develops.

NEEs

Newly Emerging Economies experiencing rapid industrial growth.

Transnational Corporations (TNCs)

Large companies operating in multiple countries.

Industrial Structure

Proportion of jobs in primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors.

Globalisation

Increasing interconnectedness of economies and cultures.

Trading Relationships

Economic exchanges between countries.

International Aid

Help given to improve development and quality of life.

Investment

Money spent in a country to improve infrastructure and industries.

Industrial Development

Growth of manufacturing to stimulate economic progress.

Tourism

Attracting visitors to generate income and jobs.

Aid

Financial or technical help provided by other countries or organizations.

Intermediate Technology

Simple, sustainable tools for local use.

Fairtrade

Ensuring fair wages and conditions for producers in developing countries.

Debt Relief

Cancellation of debts for poorer nations to free resources for development.

Microfinance Loans

Small loans to help individuals or small businesses.

Deindustrialisation

Decline in manufacturing and heavy industry.

Post-Industrial Economy

Economy focused on services and technology.

Science and Business Parks

Areas designed for research and industry collaboration.

North-South Divide

Economic disparities between northern and southern regions in the UK.

Sustainable Industry

Environmentally friendly industrial practices.

Global Links

UK's connections through trade, culture, and organizations like the EU and Commonwealth.

Urbanisation

Increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas.

HICs

High-income countries, typically more urbanised.

LICs

Low-income countries, experiencing rapid urbanisation.

Push Factors

Reasons people leave rural areas (e.g., lack of jobs, poor services).

Pull Factors

Reasons people move to urban areas (e.g., better jobs, healthcare).

Natural Increase

Population growth when birth rates exceed death rates.

Megacities

Urban areas with populations exceeding 10 million.

Social Opportunities

Access to services (e.g., education, healthcare) in cities.

Economic Opportunities

Job creation and economic growth in urban areas.

Slums

Poor, overcrowded urban settlements lacking basic services.

Squatter Settlements

Informal housing areas built without permission.

Sanitation Systems

Infrastructure for clean water and sewage disposal.

Urban Unemployment

Lack of jobs in fast-growing urban areas.

Urban Crime

Illegal activities in densely populated cities.

Environmental Challenges

Issues like waste disposal, air pollution, and traffic.

Urban Planning

Designing urban areas to improve living conditions.

Urban Regeneration

Revitalising areas of a city to improve conditions.

Dereliction

Abandoned and deteriorating buildings or land.

Waste Recycling

Processing waste into reusable materials.

Water Conservation

Reducing water use and managing supply.

Energy Conservation

Efficient use of energy and renewable sources.

Green Spaces

Parks, gardens, and natural areas in cities.

Sustainable Urban Living

Meeting current urban needs without harming future generations.

Traffic Congestion

Overcrowding of vehicles causing delays and pollution.

Urban Distribution

Pattern of cities and population density in the UK.

Cultural Mix

Diversity of ethnicities and cultures in cities.

Recreation

Leisure and entertainment facilities in urban areas.

Integrated Transport

Systems linking different modes of transport (e.g., buses, trains).

Urban Greening

Creating green spaces like parks and tree-lined streets.

Urban Deprivation

Lack of basic services and opportunities in some urban areas.

Brownfield Sites

Previously developed land, often derelict, suitable for regeneration.

Greenfield Sites

Undeveloped land, often used for new housing or industrial sites.

Urban Sprawl

Expansion of urban areas into surrounding rural land.

Rural-Urban Fringe

Boundary zone where urban and rural areas meet.

Commuter Settlements

Towns where people live but travel to cities for work.

Water Demand and Supply

The relationship between the need for water and its availability.

Resources

Materials or energy sources needed for human survival and development.

Economic Well-Being

Access to resources boosting income and employment.

Social Well-Being

Improved quality of life through better health and education from resource access.

Global Inequalities

Uneven distribution of resources across the world.

Food Miles

Distance food travels from production to consumer, affecting carbon footprint.

Carbon Footprint

Total greenhouse gas emissions from a product or activity.

Agribusiness

Large-scale, industrial farming for profit.

Water Deficit

Areas where water demand exceeds supply.

Water Surplus

Areas where water supply exceeds demand.

Water Transfer

Moving water from surplus to deficit areas via pipelines or rivers.

Energy Mix

Proportions of energy sources (fossil fuels, renewables) used by a country.

Fossil Fuels

Non-renewable energy sources like coal, oil, and gas.

Renewable Energy

Sustainable energy sources, e.g., solar, wind, hydro.

Energy Security

Reliable access to affordable energy.

Water Insecurity

Lack of reliable access to enough safe water.

Water Security

Having sufficient and safe water for daily needs.

Global Patterns

Uneven distribution of water surplus and deficit worldwide.

Rising Demand

Increased water use due to population growth and economic development.

Overabstraction

Excessive removal of water from sources, reducing availability.

Dams and Reservoirs

Structures storing water for controlled release.

Desalination

Removing salt from seawater to create fresh water.

Water Conservation

Reducing water wastage through efficient use.

Grey Water

Recycled household water used for irrigation and cleaning.

Climate

Rainfall patterns and droughts affecting water supply.

Geology

Rock types influencing underground water storage and flow.