AP Human Geography Unit 4 Review (Everything You Need To Know!)

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47 Terms

1

State

A geographic area with a permanent population, defined borders, a sovereign government, and recognized by other states.

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Nation

A group of people with shared culture, history, homeland, and a desire to govern themselves.

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Semi-autonomous region

A region controlled by another state but granted a moderate degree of self-governance.

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9

Colonialism

The practice of acquiring territories and settling there to exert political, economic, and social control.

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10

Imperialism

Growing a state or empire by exerting force over other nations to gain economic and political power without establishing settlements.

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Devolution

The transfer of political power from a central government to a regional government.

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Territoriality

The tendency to establish and defend a specific geographic area, involving the use of space to indicate ownership or occupation of an area.

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13

Neocolonialism

The indirect use of political, cultural, or economic power by more economically developed countries or multinational corporations to influence or control less economically developed countries for their own benefit.

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Shatter belt

An area subject to political, cultural, and economic pressure from external powers in conflict with each other, leading to instability and uncertainty for those living in the region.

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Anachronistic boundary

Boundaries that existed before human settlement or the creation of the cultural landscape, often determined by local geography, not influenced by cultural groups.

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Relic boundary

A boundary no longer officially recognized but still affecting the cultural landscape, like the remnants of the Berlin Wall separating East and West Germany.

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Superimposed boundary

Created by an external power without consideration for local communities, prioritizing foreign interests over local needs, such as the boundaries established in Africa by the Berlin Conference.

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Buffer state

A geographic area where no state has direct power or control, serving as a neutral zone between neighboring states.

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International Boundaries

Boundaries that separate one sovereign state from another, established through treaties and agreements between neighboring states.

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Internal Boundaries

Boundaries that separate different regions within a single state, often established by the state's government to distribute power and ensure representation.

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Definitional Boundary Disputes

Disputes over the interpretation of the original documents defining a boundary, often resolved through third-party intervention.

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Locational Boundary Disputes

Disputes over the location of a boundary and ownership of the land, can arise due to natural changes like river shifts.

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Operational Boundary Disputes

Disputes over how to manage a boundary and handle issues that occur on it, differing ideas on boundary operation.

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Allocational Boundary Disputes

Disputes over the use of resources on or within a boundary, often involving natural resources like oil.

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UNCLOS

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, aims to help countries deal with allocational boundary disputes in the sea, established in 1982.

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Contiguous Zone

Zone between 12 and 24 nautical miles from shore, where states can enforce laws concerning pollution, taxation, customs, and immigration.

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Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

Zone allowing a state to explore and use marine resources up to 200 nautical miles from its shore, states have sole rights to resources in the area.

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Redistricting

The process of redrawing voting districts after population changes, often done to reflect the area's population better.

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Gerrymandering

The process of redistricting to favor one political party over another, can be done through methods like cracking and packing.

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Unitary States

States where power is centralized at the national level, laws and policies are created for the entire state by the national government.

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Federal States

States where power is distributed between the national government and regional governments, often used in large geographic areas with diverse populations.

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Devolution

The transfer of political power from a central government to a regional government.

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Cultural Devolution

The process where distinct cultural groups within a state seek more local power and control over policies impacting them, leading to pressure on the national government to decentralize power.

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Ethnic Separatism

When a group within a state identifies more with their own ethnic group than as citizens of the state, seeking more political power or even separation, leading to devolutionary pressures.

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Stateless Nation

A group with a history of self-determination but lacking their own state, such as the Basques, Catalans, and Kurds.

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Terrorism

The use of violence and intimidation against civilians for political purposes, which can lead to devolutionary pressures in politically unstable states.

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Irredentism

A movement by a nation to unite parts of its nation located in another state's boundaries, potentially leading to devolution as split nations seek reunification.

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Government Corruption

Abuse of power by governments, such as ethnic cleansing, can increase pressure for devolution as citizens and the international community demand change.

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Economic and Social Inequalities

Disparities in job opportunities, resources, and growth within a state can lead to devolutionary pressures as citizens seek greater control and equality.

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State Disintegration

The process in which a state breaks up into smaller parts, essentially ceasing to exist in its current form, and new states are created.

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