Module 2 Criterion 5 Review: DNA, Enzymes, Photosynthesis, and Cellular Respiration

Vocabulary flashcards covering key biology topics from Module 2 Criterion 5 including DNA structure and replication, RNA types, enzyme action and inhibition, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and DNA mutations.

mRNA (Messenger RNA)

A type of RNA that encodes proteins.

tRNA (Transfer RNA)

A type of RNA that acts as an adaptor between mRNA and amino acids.

rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)

A type of RNA that forms the ribosome.

Enzymes

Organic catalysts made of protein.

Lock and Key Model

An enzyme action model where the substrate fits precisely into the active site of the enzyme without changing shape.

Induced Fit Model

An enzyme action model where the enzyme changes shape slightly as the substrate binds to create a tight fit.

Competitive Inhibition

A type of enzyme inhibition where an inhibitor binds directly to the active site, directly blocking the substrate from binding.

Non-Competitive Inhibition

A type of enzyme inhibition where an inhibitor binds to an allosteric site, changing the shape of the active site so the substrate cannot bind.

Co-factors

Minerals needed to complete some enzymes and enable them to function.

Co-enzymes

Vitamins needed to complete some enzymes and enable them to function.

Vitamins

Organic, carbon-containing micronutrients needed in small amounts that assist enzyme function and can be fat- or water-soluble.

Minerals

Inorganic, non-carbon chemicals found on the periodic table that assist enzyme function and/or build structures such as bones.

Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants and certain other organisms (cyanobacteria and algae) transform light energy into chemical energy, using light energy to convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds.

Anaerobic Respiration

Respiration that takes place in the absence of oxygen, producing lactic acid and $150\,\text{kJ}$ of energy in animals, or ethanol, carbon dioxide, and $210\,\text{kJ}$ of energy in yeast.

Aerobic Respiration

Respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen inside the mitochondria, converting glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

The energy currency of the cell used for active processes, acting like a charged battery that releases energy and is constantly recharged by adding a phosphate to ADP.

The ATP-ADP Cycle

The cyclical process where ATP releases energy for cellular work to become ADP plus a phosphate, and ADP is recharged back into ATP using energy from food.

DNA Replication

The process needed to make new copies of DNA to pass to new daughter cells when cells need to be replaced, repair tissue, or increase cell number for growth.

Semi-Conservative Replication

A description of DNA replication where each newly synthesized DNA molecule retains half of the original parent molecule and half is newly synthesized.

DNA Replication Fork

The Y-shaped structure formed during DNA unzipping where continuous synthesis occurs on the leading strand and discontinuous synthesis occurs on the lagging strand.

DNA Polymerase

The enzyme that adds complementary nucleotides to each parent DNA strand during replication.

DNA Ligase

The enzyme that catalyzes the joining of discontinuous DNA fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication.

Point Mutations

Changes to a single base in the DNA code, which may involve base substitutions, insertions, or deletions.

Silent Mutation

A point mutation that has no effect on the protein sequence.

Missense Mutation

A point mutation that results in an amino acid substitution in the protein sequence.

Nonsense Mutation

A point mutation that substitutes a stop codon for an amino acid.

Frameshift Mutation

A mutation involving either the addition (insertion) or removal (deletion) of a single base of DNA, changing the reading frame.

Block Mutations

Changes to segments of a chromosome, resulting in large-scale changes in the DNA of an organism, such as duplication, deletion, inversion, or translocation.