organization, homeostasis, growth and metabolism, response to stimuli, heredity, reproduction, evolution, and adaptation
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organization
being structurally composed of one or more cells
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homeostasis
regulation of an internal environment for stability
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growth and metabolism
* increasing in size in all of its parts rather than simply accumulating matter * performs anabolism and catabolism
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anabolism
transformation of energy by converting chemicals and energy into cellular components
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catabolism
decomposing organic matter
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properties that viruses share with life
* organization * genetic material * replicative life cycle * evolution over time
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properties of life that viruses lack
* not comprised of cells * lack homeostasis * have no growth or metabolism * do not respond to stimuli * cannot reproduce without the use of host cell machinery
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virus
non-living obligate intracellular parasite
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virion
a virus that is extracellular
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genome
* DNA or RNA varies considerably in size and organization * controls the virus replication strategy
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central dogma
antisense DNA → (transcription) → sense RNA (translation) → proteins
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sense DNA
* (+) * non-template strand of DNA * IS NOT transcribed
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antisense DNA
* (-) * template strand of DNA * IS transcribed
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template strand
strand of DNA that IS transcribed
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non-template strand
strand of DNA that IS NOT transcribed
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sense RNA
* (+) * mRNA that IS translated into a protein
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antisense RNA
* (-) * RNA that is a complimentary strand to the translated mRNA
* DNA virus * stands for Epstein-Barr virus * causes 90% of mono cases
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HSV-1
* DNA virus * stands for herpes simplex virus * causes cold sores
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parvovirus
* DNA virus * causes eczema
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VZV
* stands for varicella-zoster virus * causes chicken pox and shingles
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CMV
* DNA virus * stands for cytomegalovirus * causes 10% of mono cases
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HPV
* DNA virus * stands for human papillomavirus * causes STIs and cervical cancer * family of 170 naked DNA viruses * most common STI in the world * vaccine prevents cervical cancer
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HSV-2
* DNA virus * stands for herpes simplex virus * causes herpes
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variola virus
* DNA virus * causes smallpox
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dengue fever
* RNA virus * causes dengue fever
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enterovirus
* RNA virus * causes viral meningitis
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hantavirus
* RNA virus * causes hemorrhagic fever
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influenza virus
* RNA virus * causes the flu
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measles virus
* RNA virus * causes measles
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mumps virus
* RNA virus * causes mumps
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poliovirus
* RNA virus * causes polio
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rhinovirus
* RNA virus * causes the common cold
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RSV
* RNA virus * stands for respiratory syncytial virus * causes bronchiolitis and pneumonia
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SARS-CoV
* RNA virus * causes COVID
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west nile virus
* RNA virus * causes fever, headaches, body aches, joint pains, vomiting, diarrhea or rash
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zikavirus
* RNA virus * causes fever, rash, headache, joint pain, red eyes, muscle pain * in rare cases, it causes birth defects and is linked to guillian-barre syndrome
* has a spherical capsid and/or envelope * capsid holds the spherical shape even if the envelope does not
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examples of spherical viruses
* influenza virus * COVID
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polyhedral
* capsomeres that form 20 faces, 12 vertices, and 30 edges * also referred to as icosahedral, cubic, regular or isometric
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examples of polyhedral viruses
* adenovirus * herpesvirus * mastadenovirus
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complex
a “catch-all” group for viruses with no real pattern, or have a mixture of several shapes
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examples of complex viruses
* t4 bacteriophage * variola virus * rabies virus
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envelope
* host-derived lipid membrane that contains both the host and viral proteins * not found in every single virus * doesn’t determine the shape of the virus
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naked virus
virus without an envelope
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attachment proteins
* also called spike proteins * glycoproteins that recognize one or more specific host cell receptors * controls viral tropism
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viral tropism
the spectrum of cells of a host that a virus may infect
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cellular tropism
viruses that recognize receptors in macrophages and neurons
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tissue tropism
virus that recognize receptors in the lungs and the brain
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host tropism
viruses that recognize receptors in certain hosts such as humans, rabbits, etc
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gp120
* part of the attachment protein in HIV * binds to the T-cells in the human body
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CCR5 or CXCR4
* part of the receptor protein * co-receptor used to aid in the attachment of HIV
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HIV mutations
* occur in the CCR5 receptor * renders the virus unable to attach to the target cell * people are immune to HIV-1
* the first stage in the replication cycle * the actual binding of spike proteins on the virus to the host cell receptors * naked and enveloped viruses go through attachment
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rabies virus targets
* muscles * neurons
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human papilloma’s (HPV) targets
differentiating keratinocytes
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hepatitis A/B/C’s target
liver, specifically hepatocytes
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human herpes simplex 1/2 target
mucoepithelium
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influenza a’s target
respiratory epithelium
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rotavirus and norovirus target
intestinal epithelium
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cytomegalovirus’ target
* epithelium * monocytes * lymphocytes
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rhinovirus target
nasal epithelium
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poliovirus target
intestinal epithelium
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epstein-barr virus target
b cell
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penetration
* also called viral entry * can occur by breaking through the membrane, endocytosis, or membrane fusion
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endocytosis
process of a cell membrane engulfing a virus
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receptor-mediated endocytosis
* claritin-mediated * caveolin-mediated
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uncoating
* can occur simultaneously with penetration * involves the capsid breaking open and the viral genomic material being released
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direct penetration
virus cuts into the host membrane and injects the viral genome into the cell
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synthesis
* sometimes called biosynthesis or viral replication * the actual creation of viral genomic material and viral proteins