microbio exam 4

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characteristics of life

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characteristics of life

organization, homeostasis, growth and metabolism, response to stimuli, heredity, reproduction, evolution, and adaptation

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organization

being structurally composed of one or more cells

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homeostasis

regulation of an internal environment for stability

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growth and metabolism

  • increasing in size in all of its parts rather than simply accumulating matter

  • performs anabolism and catabolism

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anabolism

transformation of energy by converting chemicals and energy into cellular components

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catabolism

decomposing organic matter

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properties that viruses share with life

  • organization

  • genetic material

  • replicative life cycle

  • evolution over time

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properties of life that viruses lack

  • not comprised of cells

  • lack homeostasis

  • have no growth or metabolism

  • do not respond to stimuli

  • cannot reproduce without the use of host cell machinery

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virus

non-living obligate intracellular parasite

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virion

a virus that is extracellular

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genome

  • DNA or RNA varies considerably in size and organization

  • controls the virus replication strategy

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central dogma

antisense DNA → (transcription) → sense RNA (translation) → proteins

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sense DNA

  • (+)

  • non-template strand of DNA

  • IS NOT transcribed

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antisense DNA

  • (-)

  • template strand of DNA

  • IS transcribed

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template strand

strand of DNA that IS transcribed

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non-template strand

strand of DNA that IS NOT transcribed

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sense RNA

  • (+)

  • mRNA that IS translated into a protein

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antisense RNA

  • (-)

  • RNA that is a complimentary strand to the translated mRNA

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DNA viruses (9)

  • Adenovirus

  • EBV

  • HSV-1

  • Parvovirus

  • VZV

  • CMV

  • HPV

  • HSV-2

  • Variola virus

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RNA viruses (23)

  • Dengue fever

  • Enterovirus

  • Hantavirus

  • Influenza virus

  • Measles virus

  • Mumps virus

  • Poliovirus

  • Rhinovirus

  • RSV

  • SARS-CoV

  • West Nile virus

  • Zikavirus

  • EBOV

  • HAV

  • HCV

  • MARV

  • MERS-CoV

  • Norovirus

  • Rabies virus

  • Rotavirus

  • Rubella virus

  • SARS-Cov-2

  • Yellow Fever virus

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retro viruses (2)

  • HIV

  • HBV

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adenovirus

  • DNA virus

  • causes the common cold

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EBV

  • DNA virus

  • stands for Epstein-Barr virus

  • causes 90% of mono cases

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HSV-1

  • DNA virus

  • stands for herpes simplex virus

  • causes cold sores

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parvovirus

  • DNA virus

  • causes eczema

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VZV

  • stands for varicella-zoster virus

  • causes chicken pox and shingles

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CMV

  • DNA virus

  • stands for cytomegalovirus

  • causes 10% of mono cases

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HPV

  • DNA virus

  • stands for human papillomavirus

  • causes STIs and cervical cancer

  • family of 170 naked DNA viruses

  • most common STI in the world

  • vaccine prevents cervical cancer

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HSV-2

  • DNA virus

  • stands for herpes simplex virus

  • causes herpes

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variola virus

  • DNA virus

  • causes smallpox

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dengue fever

  • RNA virus

  • causes dengue fever

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enterovirus

  • RNA virus

  • causes viral meningitis

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hantavirus

  • RNA virus

  • causes hemorrhagic fever

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influenza virus

  • RNA virus

  • causes the flu

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measles virus

  • RNA virus

  • causes measles

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mumps virus

  • RNA virus

  • causes mumps

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poliovirus

  • RNA virus

  • causes polio

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rhinovirus

  • RNA virus

  • causes the common cold

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RSV

  • RNA virus

  • stands for respiratory syncytial virus

  • causes bronchiolitis and pneumonia

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SARS-CoV

  • RNA virus

  • causes COVID

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west nile virus

  • RNA virus

  • causes fever, headaches, body aches, joint pains, vomiting, diarrhea or rash

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zikavirus

  • RNA virus

  • causes fever, rash, headache, joint pain, red eyes, muscle pain

  • in rare cases, it causes birth defects and is linked to guillian-barre syndrome

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EBOV

  • RNA virus

  • stands for ebola virus

  • causes ebola

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HAV

  • RNA virus

  • stands for hepatitis-A

  • causes liver inflammation and damage

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HCV

  • RNA virus

  • stands for hepatitis-C

  • causes liver inflammation and damage; ranges from mild illness to chronic illness

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MARV

  • RNA virus

  • stands for Marburg virus

  • causes hemorrhagic fever

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MERS-CoV

  • RNA virus

  • stands for middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus

  • causes COVID symptoms

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norovirus

  • RNA virus

  • causes crew ship virus

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rabies virus

  • RNA virus

  • causes rabies

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rotavirus

  • RNA virus

  • causes diarrhea in kids

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rubella virus

  • RNA virus

  • causes German measles

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SARS-CoV-2

  • RNA virus

  • causes severe, acute COVID symptoms

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HIV

  • RNA retrovirus

  • stands for human immunodeficiency virus

  • causes AIDS

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HBV

  • RNA retrovirus

  • stands for hepatitis-B

  • causes either acute liver inflammation or chronic liver disease

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mutation rate of viruses

high rate because viral genomes have little to no repair mechanisms

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capsid

  • protein coat protecting the genome

  • may carry accessory proteins

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accessory proteins

composed of capsomeres and are found in the capsid

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capsomeres

composed of protomers and are found in accessory proteins

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protomers

the building blocks for capsomeres that are found in accessory proteins

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four basic viral shapes

  • helical

  • spherical

  • polyhedral

  • complex

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helical

  • repeated capsomeres that form a filamentous capsid that surround the genome

  • can also be referred to as filamentous

  • not always strictly helical

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examples of helical viruses

  • ebola virus

  • mumps virus

  • tobacco mosaic virus

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spherical

  • has a spherical capsid and/or envelope

  • capsid holds the spherical shape even if the envelope does not

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examples of spherical viruses

  • influenza virus

  • COVID

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polyhedral

  • capsomeres that form 20 faces, 12 vertices, and 30 edges

  • also referred to as icosahedral, cubic, regular or isometric

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examples of polyhedral viruses

  • adenovirus

  • herpesvirus

  • mastadenovirus

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complex

a “catch-all” group for viruses with no real pattern, or have a mixture of several shapes

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examples of complex viruses

  • t4 bacteriophage

  • variola virus

  • rabies virus

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envelope

  • host-derived lipid membrane that contains both the host and viral proteins

  • not found in every single virus

  • doesn’t determine the shape of the virus

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naked virus

virus without an envelope

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attachment proteins

  • also called spike proteins

  • glycoproteins that recognize one or more specific host cell receptors

  • controls viral tropism

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viral tropism

the spectrum of cells of a host that a virus may infect

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cellular tropism

viruses that recognize receptors in macrophages and neurons

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tissue tropism

virus that recognize receptors in the lungs and the brain

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host tropism

viruses that recognize receptors in certain hosts such as humans, rabbits, etc

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gp120

  • part of the attachment protein in HIV

  • binds to the T-cells in the human body

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CCR5 or CXCR4

  • part of the receptor protein

  • co-receptor used to aid in the attachment of HIV

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HIV mutations

  • occur in the CCR5 receptor

  • renders the virus unable to attach to the target cell

  • people are immune to HIV-1

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bone marrow transplant

procedure that “gives” people immunity to HIV

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stages in viral replication cycle

  • attachment

  • penetration

  • uncoating

  • synthesis

  • assembly

  • release

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attachment

  • the first stage in the replication cycle

  • the actual binding of spike proteins on the virus to the host cell receptors

  • naked and enveloped viruses go through attachment

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rabies virus targets

  • muscles

  • neurons

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human papilloma’s (HPV) targets

differentiating keratinocytes

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hepatitis A/B/C’s target

liver, specifically hepatocytes

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