microbio exam 4

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viruses!!!!

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182 Terms

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characteristics of life
organization, homeostasis, growth and metabolism, response to stimuli, heredity, reproduction, evolution, and adaptation
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organization
being structurally composed of one or more cells
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homeostasis
regulation of an internal environment for stability
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growth and metabolism
* increasing in size in all of its parts rather than simply accumulating matter
* performs anabolism and catabolism
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anabolism
transformation of energy by converting chemicals and energy into cellular components
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catabolism
decomposing organic matter
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properties that viruses share with life
* organization
* genetic material
* replicative life cycle
* evolution over time
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properties of life that viruses lack
* not comprised of cells
* lack homeostasis
* have no growth or metabolism
* do not respond to stimuli
* cannot reproduce without the use of host cell machinery
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virus
non-living obligate intracellular parasite
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virion
a virus that is extracellular
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genome
* DNA or RNA varies considerably in size and organization
* controls the virus replication strategy
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central dogma
antisense DNA → (transcription) → sense RNA (translation) → proteins
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sense DNA
* (+)
* non-template strand of DNA
* IS NOT transcribed
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antisense DNA
* (-)
* template strand of DNA
* IS transcribed
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template strand
strand of DNA that IS transcribed
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non-template strand
strand of DNA that IS NOT transcribed
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sense RNA
* (+)
* mRNA that IS translated into a protein
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antisense RNA
* (-)
* RNA that is a complimentary strand to the translated mRNA
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DNA viruses (9)
* Adenovirus
* EBV
* HSV-1
* Parvovirus
* VZV
* CMV
* HPV
* HSV-2
* Variola virus
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RNA viruses (23)
* Dengue fever
* Enterovirus
* Hantavirus
* Influenza virus
* Measles virus
* Mumps virus
* Poliovirus
* Rhinovirus
* RSV
* SARS-CoV
* West Nile virus
* Zikavirus
* EBOV
* HAV
* HCV
* MARV
* MERS-CoV
* Norovirus
* Rabies virus
* Rotavirus
* Rubella virus
* SARS-Cov-2
* Yellow Fever virus
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retro viruses (2)
* HIV
* HBV
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adenovirus
* DNA virus
* causes the common cold
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EBV
* DNA virus
* stands for Epstein-Barr virus
* causes 90% of mono cases
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HSV-1
* DNA virus
* stands for herpes simplex virus
* causes cold sores
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parvovirus
* DNA virus
* causes eczema
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VZV
* stands for varicella-zoster virus
* causes chicken pox and shingles
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CMV
* DNA virus
* stands for cytomegalovirus
* causes 10% of mono cases
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HPV
* DNA virus
* stands for human papillomavirus
* causes STIs and cervical cancer
* family of 170 naked DNA viruses
* most common STI in the world
* vaccine prevents cervical cancer
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HSV-2
* DNA virus
* stands for herpes simplex virus
* causes herpes
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variola virus
* DNA virus
* causes smallpox
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dengue fever
* RNA virus
* causes dengue fever
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enterovirus
* RNA virus
* causes viral meningitis
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hantavirus
* RNA virus
* causes hemorrhagic fever
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influenza virus
* RNA virus
* causes the flu
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measles virus
* RNA virus
* causes measles
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mumps virus
* RNA virus
* causes mumps
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poliovirus
* RNA virus
* causes polio
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rhinovirus
* RNA virus
* causes the common cold
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RSV
* RNA virus
* stands for respiratory syncytial virus
* causes bronchiolitis and pneumonia
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SARS-CoV
* RNA virus
* causes COVID
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west nile virus
* RNA virus
* causes fever, headaches, body aches, joint pains, vomiting, diarrhea or rash
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zikavirus
* RNA virus
* causes fever, rash, headache, joint pain, red eyes, muscle pain
* in rare cases, it causes birth defects and is linked to guillian-barre syndrome
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EBOV
* RNA virus
* stands for ebola virus
* causes ebola
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HAV
* RNA virus
* stands for hepatitis-A
* causes liver inflammation and damage
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HCV
* RNA virus
* stands for hepatitis-C
* causes liver inflammation and damage; ranges from mild illness to chronic illness
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MARV
* RNA virus
* stands for Marburg virus
* causes hemorrhagic fever
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MERS-CoV
* RNA virus
* stands for middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus
* causes COVID symptoms
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norovirus
* RNA virus
* causes crew ship virus
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rabies virus
* RNA virus
* causes rabies
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rotavirus
* RNA virus
* causes diarrhea in kids
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rubella virus
* RNA virus
* causes German measles
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SARS-CoV-2
* RNA virus
* causes severe, acute COVID symptoms
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HIV
* RNA retrovirus
* stands for human immunodeficiency virus
* causes AIDS
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HBV
* RNA retrovirus
* stands for hepatitis-B
* causes either acute liver inflammation or chronic liver disease
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mutation rate of viruses
high rate because viral genomes have little to no repair mechanisms
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capsid
* protein coat protecting the genome
* may carry accessory proteins
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accessory proteins
composed of capsomeres and are found in the capsid
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capsomeres
composed of protomers and are found in accessory proteins
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protomers
the building blocks for capsomeres that are found in accessory proteins
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four basic viral shapes
* helical
* spherical
* polyhedral
* complex
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helical
* repeated capsomeres that form a filamentous capsid that surround the genome
* can also be referred to as filamentous
* not always strictly helical
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examples of helical viruses
* ebola virus
* mumps virus
* tobacco mosaic virus
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spherical
* has a spherical capsid and/or envelope
* capsid holds the spherical shape even if the envelope does not
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examples of spherical viruses
* influenza virus
* COVID
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polyhedral
* capsomeres that form 20 faces, 12 vertices, and 30 edges
* also referred to as icosahedral, cubic, regular or isometric
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examples of polyhedral viruses
* adenovirus
* herpesvirus
* mastadenovirus
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complex
a “catch-all” group for viruses with no real pattern, or have a mixture of several shapes
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examples of complex viruses
* t4 bacteriophage
* variola virus
* rabies virus
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envelope
* host-derived lipid membrane that contains both the host and viral proteins
* not found in every single virus
* doesn’t determine the shape of the virus
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naked virus
virus without an envelope
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attachment proteins
* also called spike proteins
* glycoproteins that recognize one or more specific host cell receptors
* controls viral tropism
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viral tropism
the spectrum of cells of a host that a virus may infect
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cellular tropism
viruses that recognize receptors in macrophages and neurons
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tissue tropism
virus that recognize receptors in the lungs and the brain
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host tropism
viruses that recognize receptors in certain hosts such as humans, rabbits, etc
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gp120
* part of the attachment protein in HIV
* binds to the T-cells in the human body
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CCR5 or CXCR4
* part of the receptor protein
* co-receptor used to aid in the attachment of HIV
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HIV mutations
* occur in the CCR5 receptor
* renders the virus unable to attach to the target cell
* people are immune to HIV-1
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bone marrow transplant
procedure that “gives” people immunity to HIV
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stages in viral replication cycle
* attachment
* penetration
* uncoating
* synthesis
* assembly
* release
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attachment
* the first stage in the replication cycle
* the actual binding of spike proteins on the virus to the host cell receptors
* naked and enveloped viruses go through attachment
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rabies virus targets
* muscles
* neurons
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human papilloma’s (HPV) targets
differentiating keratinocytes
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hepatitis A/B/C’s target
liver, specifically hepatocytes
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human herpes simplex 1/2 target
mucoepithelium
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influenza a’s target
respiratory epithelium
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rotavirus and norovirus target
intestinal epithelium
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cytomegalovirus’ target
* epithelium
* monocytes
* lymphocytes
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rhinovirus target
nasal epithelium
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poliovirus target
intestinal epithelium
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epstein-barr virus target
b cell
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penetration
* also called viral entry
* can occur by breaking through the membrane, endocytosis, or membrane fusion
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endocytosis
process of a cell membrane engulfing a virus
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receptor-mediated endocytosis
* claritin-mediated
* caveolin-mediated
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uncoating
* can occur simultaneously with penetration
* involves the capsid breaking open and the viral genomic material being released
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direct penetration
virus cuts into the host membrane and injects the viral genome into the cell
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synthesis
* sometimes called biosynthesis or viral replication
* the actual creation of viral genomic material and viral proteins
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DNA polymerase
used during DNA replication
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RNA polymerase
transcribes DNA into RNA
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reverse transcriptase
transcribes RNA back into DNA