EXSC 2510 Exam 4

Endocrine system

composed of endocrine organs and structures that produce and secrete hormones. It regulates and controls bodily functions

endocrine glands

glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream

exocrine glands

Glands that secrete substances outward through a duct and outside the body

nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerves

target cells

cells that have receptors for a particular hormone

target organs

organs that respond to a particular hormone

Feedback in the endocrine system

how hormone secretion is regulated

negative feedback

the affected hormone or product causes the process to slow down

positive feedback

the affected hormone or product causes the process to speed up

infundibulum

connects pituitary gland to hypothalamus

Hypothamalus

Regulates basic biological needs (ex. hunger, thirst, temperature control)

pituitary gland

endocrine gland at the base of the brain

regulatory hormones

Control release of hormones from anterior pituitary

anterior pituitary hormones

Growth hormone (GH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Prolactin (PRL)

releasing hormones

chemical that stimulates other glands to release their hormones

inhibiting hormones

prevent synthesis and secretion of hormones from the anterior lobe

posterior pituitary gland

Does not produce its own hormones but it stores 2 hormones: oxytocin and antidiuretic.

Antidiruetic hormone (ADH)

helps control the balance of water in the body

Oxytocin (OT)

Stimulates contraction of the uterus and release of milk from breast.

adrenal medulla

secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

anterior lobe of pituitary gland

*

posterior lobe of pituitary gland

*

pars distalis

the largest and most anterior portion of the pituitary gland

pars intermedia

scant region between the pars distalis and the posterior pituitary

pars tuberalis

wraps around infundibulum

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

portal veins that shunt blood carrying regulatory hormones from hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

stimulates thyroid gland

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate maturation of the egg cell (ovum)

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

secreted by the pituitary gland to promote ovulation

Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)

Released by pituitary in response to CRH by hypothalamus

tropic hormones

hormones that stimulate other glands to release their hormones

Thyrotropic cells

secrete thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

gonadotropic cells

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

corticotropic cells

secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

somatotropic cells

secrete growth hormone, stimulates cell growth, and affects most body cells

Growth Hormone (GH)

regulates the growth of the body

nontropic hormones

directly stimulate cellular metabolism and other activities

Mammotropic cells

secrete prolactin (PRL)

Prolactin (PRL)

stimulates milk production

pars nervosa

posterior pituitary

infundibular stalk

connects hypothalamus to pituitary

supraoptic nucleus

part of the hypothalamus that controls the release rate of vasopressin

paraventricular nucleus

produces oxytocin

neurosecretory cells

Neurons that secrete neurohormone rather than neurotransmitter.

parafollicular cells

produce calcitonin

Calcitonin

Lowers blood calcium levels

chief cells

secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism

zona glomerulosa

aldosterone

mineralocorticoids

Promote reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+ in kidneys

zona fasciculata

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

thyroid gland

produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth

follicular cell

parafollicular cell

follicle cell

Thyroglobulin

secreted by follicle cells; binds with iodine to produce T4 and T3

thyroid hormone

modulates activity of growth hormone, ensuring proper proportions

thyroid hormone precursor

Iodine

parathyroid hormone

reacts to low blood calcium levels and increases them

parathyroid gland

posterior surface of the thyroid gland

calcitriol

active form of vitamin D

adrenal gland

secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress (adrenaline)

capsule of adrenal gland

#1

adrenal cortex

2

Corticosteroids

A group of hormones, including cortisol, released by the adrenal glands at times of stress

zona reticularis

produces gonadocorticoids

hypothalamus

brain region controlling the pituitary gland

chromaffin cells

the cells in the adrenal medulla that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells that transport oxygen

buffy coat

white blood cells and platelets

Plasma

Liquid part of blood

interstitial fluid

fluid between cells

Leukocytes

white blood cells

Platelets

help with blood clotting

blood smear

evaluation of the appearance and number of blood cells and the different types of white blood cells

hematocrit

percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells

Hemoglobin

Oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells

globin chains

joined to heme to form a hemoglobin unit

Erythrocyte life span

120 days

antigen

A protein that, when introduced in the blood, triggers the production of an antibody

antibody

a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body

surface antigens

cell surface proteins that identify cells to immune system

ABO blood groups

based on having an A, B, both or no antigens on red blood cells

ABO blood type

2 surface antigens

Type A blood

A antigens and B antibodies

Type B blood

B antigens and A antibodies

Type O blood

no antigens, A and B antibodies

Type AB blood

A and B antigens, no antibodies

A can receive

A or O

B can receive

B and O

O can receive

O

AB can receive

A, AB, B, O

Rh factor

antigen on red blood cells of Rh-positive individuals

Rh blood

Can receive only Rh- blood

Rh positive

presence of antigens

Rh negative

absence of antigens

Diapedis

WBCs are able to move into and out of blood vessels

chemotaxis

Cell movement that occurs in response to chemical stimulus

granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Agranulocytes

lymphocytes and monocytes