EXSC 2510 Exam 4

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Endocrine system

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Endocrine system

composed of endocrine organs and structures that produce and secrete hormones. It regulates and controls bodily functions

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endocrine glands

glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream

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exocrine glands

Glands that secrete substances outward through a duct and outside the body

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nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerves

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target cells

cells that have receptors for a particular hormone

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target organs

organs that respond to a particular hormone

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Feedback in the endocrine system

how hormone secretion is regulated

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negative feedback

the affected hormone or product causes the process to slow down

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positive feedback

the affected hormone or product causes the process to speed up

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infundibulum

connects pituitary gland to hypothalamus

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Hypothamalus

Regulates basic biological needs (ex. hunger, thirst, temperature control)

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pituitary gland

endocrine gland at the base of the brain

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regulatory hormones

Control release of hormones from anterior pituitary

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anterior pituitary hormones

Growth hormone (GH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Prolactin (PRL)

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releasing hormones

chemical that stimulates other glands to release their hormones

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inhibiting hormones

prevent synthesis and secretion of hormones from the anterior lobe

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posterior pituitary gland

Does not produce its own hormones but it stores 2 hormones: oxytocin and antidiuretic.

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Antidiruetic hormone (ADH)

helps control the balance of water in the body

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Oxytocin (OT)

Stimulates contraction of the uterus and release of milk from breast.

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adrenal medulla

secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

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anterior lobe of pituitary gland

<ul><li><p></p></li></ul>
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posterior lobe of pituitary gland

<ul><li><p></p></li></ul>
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pars distalis

the largest and most anterior portion of the pituitary gland

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pars intermedia

scant region between the pars distalis and the posterior pituitary

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pars tuberalis

wraps around infundibulum

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hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

portal veins that shunt blood carrying regulatory hormones from hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

stimulates thyroid gland

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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate maturation of the egg cell (ovum)

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Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

secreted by the pituitary gland to promote ovulation

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Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)

Released by pituitary in response to CRH by hypothalamus

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tropic hormones

hormones that stimulate other glands to release their hormones

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Thyrotropic cells

secrete thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

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gonadotropic cells

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

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corticotropic cells

secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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somatotropic cells

secrete growth hormone, stimulates cell growth, and affects most body cells

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Growth Hormone (GH)

regulates the growth of the body

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nontropic hormones

directly stimulate cellular metabolism and other activities

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Mammotropic cells

secrete prolactin (PRL)

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Prolactin (PRL)

stimulates milk production

<p>stimulates milk production</p>
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pars nervosa

posterior pituitary

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infundibular stalk

connects hypothalamus to pituitary

<p>connects hypothalamus to pituitary</p>
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supraoptic nucleus

part of the hypothalamus that controls the release rate of vasopressin

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paraventricular nucleus

produces oxytocin

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neurosecretory cells

Neurons that secrete neurohormone rather than neurotransmitter.

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parafollicular cells

produce calcitonin

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Calcitonin

Lowers blood calcium levels

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chief cells

secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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parathyroid hormone (PTH)

regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism

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zona glomerulosa

aldosterone

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mineralocorticoids

Promote reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+ in kidneys

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zona fasciculata

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

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thyroid gland

produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth

<p>produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth</p>
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follicular cell

knowt flashcard image
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parafollicular cell

knowt flashcard image
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follicle cell

knowt flashcard image
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Thyroglobulin

secreted by follicle cells; binds with iodine to produce T4 and T3

<p>secreted by follicle cells; binds with iodine to produce T4 and T3</p>
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thyroid hormone

modulates activity of growth hormone, ensuring proper proportions

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thyroid hormone precursor

Iodine

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parathyroid hormone

reacts to low blood calcium levels and increases them

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parathyroid gland

posterior surface of the thyroid gland

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calcitriol

active form of vitamin D

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adrenal gland

secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress (adrenaline)

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capsule of adrenal gland

#1

<p>#1</p>
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adrenal cortex

2

<p>2</p>
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Corticosteroids

A group of hormones, including cortisol, released by the adrenal glands at times of stress

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zona reticularis

produces gonadocorticoids

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hypothalamus

brain region controlling the pituitary gland

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chromaffin cells

the cells in the adrenal medulla that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

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Erythrocytes

Red blood cells that transport oxygen

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buffy coat

white blood cells and platelets

<p>white blood cells and platelets</p>
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Plasma

Liquid part of blood

<p>Liquid part of blood</p>
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interstitial fluid

fluid between cells

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Leukocytes

white blood cells

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Platelets

help with blood clotting

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blood smear

evaluation of the appearance and number of blood cells and the different types of white blood cells

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hematocrit

percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells

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Hemoglobin

Oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells

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globin chains

joined to heme to form a hemoglobin unit

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Erythrocyte life span

120 days

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antigen

A protein that, when introduced in the blood, triggers the production of an antibody

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antibody

a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body

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surface antigens

cell surface proteins that identify cells to immune system

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ABO blood groups

based on having an A, B, both or no antigens on red blood cells

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ABO blood type

2 surface antigens

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