History unit 1

Renaissance

Revival of classical arts, science, and philosophy.

Art by da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael.

Science advancements by Galileo, Copernicus.

Focus on human potential.

Causes of the Renaissance

Rediscovery of Greek and Roman texts.

Rise of humanism.

Cultural interactions.

Printing press invention.

Economic growth in Italy.

Humanism

Emphasizes human potential.

Focuses on broad education.

Revives Greek and Roman ideas.

Stresses worldly subjects.

Humanism in Art

Celebrates human potential and beauty.

Emphasizes realism and emotion.

Revives Greek and Roman themes.

Effects of the Renaissance

Change in arts and society, increased desire in learning, more discovery, questioning of religion and politics

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Causes of the Protestant Reformation

- Concept of questioning authority

- Increased power of the monarchs

- Losing the crusades and then the plague leave people questioning the church and their faith

- 95 Thesis

Martin Luther

- Caused many revolts against the Roman catholic church

- Create the religion Lutherans

- Was a talented writer

- Luther's teachings emphasized salvation by faith alone

John Calvin

Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism.

Believed that god had create the elite one who were chosen by god to go to heaven

Effects of Protestant Reformation

Religious: Protestantism emerged.

Political: Weakened the Church, empowered states.

Social: Boosted literacy and individualism.

Economic: Changed land and wealth distribution.

Cultural: Influenced art, music, literature.

Effects of the Invention of the Printing Press

made books cheaper and more accessible, which boosted literacy and spread ideas.

Causes and Effects of the English Reformation

Cause: Henry wanted annulment:

Effect: English Reformation: England separated from the Roman Catholic Church. Henry VIII gained annulment, Created the Church of England

Causes and Effects of the Catholic Reformation

Causes:

Protestant challenge.

Internal corruption.

Desire for renewal.

Effects:

New religious orders.

Council of Trent reforms.

Emphasis on education.

The Holy Roman Empire

Began with Charlemagne's coronation in 800.

A confederation of semi-autonomous states.

Led by an elected Holy Roman Emperor.

Dissolved in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars.

Charles V

Reigned over a vast empire including Spain and the Holy Roman Empire.

Faced the Protestant Reformation, conflicts with France, and the Ottoman Empire.

Abdicated in 1556, dividing his territories among heirs.

Foreign Challenges

Protestant Reformation: Threatened empire unity.

Ottoman Empire: Military threat in Eastern Europe.

French Wars: Costly conflicts with France.

Hostility: Strained relations with the Pope.

Constitutional States

Limited Monarch Power: Monarch's powers are restricted.

Elected Legislature: Parliament passes laws.

Rule of Law: All are subject to the law.

Separation of Powers

The English Civil War

Conflict from 1640 to 1660;

Causes: Royal authority disputes, religious tensions, financial issues.

Major Battles: Edgehill, Marston Moor, Naseby.

Outcome: Execution of King Charles I, Commonwealth under Cromwell, monarchy restored in 1660.

Causes of The English Civil War

(1642-1649) parliament wouldn't give Charles I money or army so he tried to arrest leaders so they both raise armies.

The Glorious Revolution

Overthrew King James II.

William III and Mary II took the throne.

Established a constitutional monarchy.

Increased Parliament's power, paving the way for modern democracy.

Effects of the English Civil War

Execution of King Charles I.

Abolition of the monarchy and establishment of the Commonwealth.

Exile of Charles II.

Increased parliamentary power.

Reforms in the Anglican Church.

Absolute Monarchies

a form of government in which a ruler has complete authority over the government and lives of the people he or she governs

France - Louis XIV

(the sun king)

1. Became the leading state in Europe

2. Versailles palace symbol of wealth and power.

3. Left France in debt

Russia - Peter I

modernized Russia, expanded its territory, and founded St. Petersburg, transforming Russia into a major European power.

Catherine II

Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796)

Peace of Westphalia

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648

Early Capitalism

Joint stock companies, growth of banking, insurance companies, desire to move away from government controlled economy.

Supply and Demand

relationship between the amount of product and the desire for the product

Joint Stock Companies

businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses

Putting-out system

system of merchant-capitalists "putting out" raw materials to cottage workers for processing and payment that was fully developed in England

Serfdom in Russia

As the result of unpaid debts, many peasants were forced into serfdom.

• Serfdom provided a labor force for the agrarian-based economy.

• Serfs were laborers who were tied to the land, although not slaves, they could be sold.

• Czars passed laws limiting the rights of serfs, in large part to gain the favor of the nobility.

Profits and Ethics

Medieval theologians saw capitalism as morally wrong

Church tried to restrict the collection of interest

some people portrayed it as positive - Adam Smith

Many people inteprerted capitalist actions as selfish - violence. Bandits, muggers, witch hunts

Scientific Revolution

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

Causes of the Scientific Revolution

exploration and expansion of trade, continuing study of ancient authorities, development of the scientific method

Heliocentric vs Geocentric Theories

Heliocentric- sun centered model

Geocentric- the earth was in the center of the universe

Galileo

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars

Issac Newton

British scientist who defined the laws of motion, discovered gravity, experimented with optics, invented differential calculus and wrote "Principia"

Women and Science

women faced many obstacles. Barred from universities and prejudiced against by men