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What name describes how animals obtain nutrients?
Heterotrophs
What types of nutrients do animals need?
Glucose, some AAs, some fatty acids, vitamins, and fiber
What are acetyl groups used for in animals?
Synthesis of steroid hormones, AAs, heme, and fatty acids
Undernourished
Not eating enough to meet energy needs
Overnourished
Eating exceeds energy needs
Malnourished
Lacking components of diet for mass needs
Deficiency of amino acids
Kwashikor
Deficiency of thiamine
Beriberi
Deficiency of vitamin C
Scurvy
Deficiency of vitamin D
Rickets
Deficiency of iodine
Goiter
Deficiency of iron
anemia
In what forms can energy be stored?
Fat, sugar, and carbohydrates
Which type of storage holds the most amount of energy per molecule?
Fat
Where is sugar stored?
Liver and muscle
Path of food
Mouth, stomach, small and large intestines
What types of digestion take place in the mouth?
Mechanical and chemical
What digestive enzymes are present in the mouth? What are their functions?
Amylase- starts digestion of sugar Lingual lipase- starts digestion of lipids
What types of digestion take place in the stomach?
Mechanical (churning) and chemical
What type of pH does the stomach have and how does it achieve this pH
Low pH: CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3
Parietal cells
Cells that produce CO2 in the stomach
What enzyme digests proteins? Where is it located
Pepsinogen -> pepsin In the stomach
What enzyme is present in the stomach to produce carbonic acid?
Carbonic anhydrase- another example of differential gene expression
Why does the stomach have a low pH?
To denature proteins and increase their surface area
What are the roles of the intestines?
Emulsification of fat, chemical digestion, absorption
Break down of fat into micelles
Emulsification
What is broken down in the intestines?
Proteins, carbohydrates, and fats
What does the small intestine absorb?
Amino acids and fatty acids
What does the large intestine absorb?
Water and ions
Hepatic portal vein
Vein in liver through which blood rich in nutrients travel
What are the functions of the liver?
Detoxification pf ingested material, storage of excess carbohydrates, conversion of molecules to facilitate transport/reuptake into other tissue, and production of bile salts
What do bile salts do?
Emulsify fats
What is produced by the pancreas?
Pancreatin
What is pancreatin?
Fluid that contains digestive enzymes used in small intestines and bicarbonate ions to neutralize acidity of material arriving from stomach
What is the role of microorganisms in the gut?
Facilitate the digestion of molecules
Hormone in charge of digestion in mammals
Gastrin
Ammonotelic
Nitrogen excretion; secrete ammonia directly; cheap; cannot store NH3
What types of animals are ammonotelic?
Aquatic animals
Ureotelic
Nitrogen excretion; secrete urea; uses ATP; done in liver; can store some urea
What types of animals are ureotelic?
Mammals
Uricotelic
Nitrogen excretion; very expensive; not toxic; secreted as paste
What types of animals are uricotelic?
Birds and reptiles
How do flatworms excrete waste?
Flame cell cilia generate negative pressure and the body generates positive pressure to draw material to tubes. Tube cells modify composition of filtrate. Filtrate is less concentrated than EC fluid, so there is a net flow of water out of the flatworm.
How do earthworms excrete waste?
Blood with waste is filtered into the coelom of each segment. Coelomic fluid is swept into tubule. Fluid is diluted into urine.
How do spiders excrete waste?
Tubules empty into the gut. There is active transport of nitrogenous waste and ions into tubules, and water follows by osmosis. In the rectum, ions are pumped out and water follows. The concentrated mixture of feces and uric acid are defecated.
Nephron
Functional unit of kidney
Bowman's capsule
Used for filtration in kidney
Glomerulus
Used for for filtration in kidney
Antidiuresis
More concentrated urine with less water. Collecting ducts are permeable to water.
During antidiuresis, is ADH present?
Yes.
Diuresis
Less concentrated urine. Collecting ducts are not permeable to water.
During diuresis, is ADH present?
No.
Glomeruli filtration rate (GFR)
If blood pressure is too low, more fluid is added to blood
What does ADH do?
It promotes the retention of fluids by increasing the permeability of the collecting ducts in the kidneys.
What secretes ADH?
Hypothalamus
How can the skin perform excretion?
Through sweat and breathing
Characteristics of innate behavior
Genetically encoded; every organism within species does activity the same way
Example of innate behavior
Duck's mating display
Fixed action pattern
Invariant innate behavior within a specific species; requires stimulus; ballistic; situation specific
Example of a fixed action pattern
Egg retrieval of nesting geese: Stimulus is shape of egg; every time, the goose orients itself towards the egg, hooks the egg with its bill, and returns it to nest; goose still does this with other objects of same shape
Characteristics of imprinting
Occurs during sensitive period during development; occurs in one or few exposures to stimulus; not unlearned
Example of imprinting
From maternal following, ducklings learn the following: Learn attachment to arbitrary object; for males, exposure to mother image determines sexual preference
Characteristics of learning
Method for dealing with unpredictable environment; limited by many factors (anatomy); reversible; teaching others what have learned
What are the costs of behavior?
Energetic costs, risk costs, and opportunity costs
Kinesis
Random movement occurs given the presence of a stimulus. Organism will tend to settle down in a region that is preferred by tending to move particularly when not present in the preferred location.
Example of kinesis
Cockroaches scattering when light turns on
Taxis
Move away or towards a stimulus
Planktonic
Going with the flow
Example of planktonic migration
Traveling in current or wind
Piloting
Using landmarks to migrate
Navigation
Uses internal (magnetic/electric) compass or stellar compass
Inclusive fitness
Judging whether an organism can improve its overall genetic success by altruistic social behavior.
Formula for inclusive fitness
b * r > c; b: reproductive benefit of recipient, r: relatedness of relative, c: reproductive cost to the indivudal
Do most organism living in a group reproduce?
No
Pros and cons of group living
Pros: Improved foraging, impede some predators for successfully attacking, specialization, better ability to transmit learned behavior; Cons: More easily found by predators, diseases spread quickly, more competition
Examples of biotic factors in ecosystems
Predators, prey, competition
Examples of abiotic factors in ecosystems
Space, humidity, temperature
What does solar input affect?
Climate: Latitude and seasons; global circulation patterns that are driven by wind patterns
Coastal zone
Holds densest populations
Littoral zone
In coastal zone; area affected by wave action
Pelagic zone
Open water above ocean floor
Photic zone
Limit of sunlight penetration
Benthic zone
Ocean floor
Abyssal zone
Deepest ocean floor