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Vocabulary flashcards for key terms related to sexual reproduction in flowering plants, covering topics from flower structure to post-fertilization events.
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Reproduction
A vital process for species survival, ensuring the continuation of life through the creation of progeny.
Androecium
The male reproductive structure in a flower, consisting of the filament and anther.
Gynoecium
The female reproductive structure in a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.
Filament
A long, slender stalk that supports the anther in a stamen.
Anther
The terminal, typically bilobed structure of a stamen where pollen grains are produced.
Theca
The two compartments within each lobe of an anther.
Tetragonal
The four-sided structure of an anther in transverse section, containing four microsporangia.
Microsporangia
Structures located at the corners of an anther, where pollen grains develop.
Microsporogenesis
The process of microspores forming from a pollen mother cell (PMC) through meiosis.
Microspore Tetrad
A cluster of four microspores formed after meiosis in the anther.
Pollen Grains
The male gametophytes in flowering plants, produced in the anthers.
Exine
The outer, hard layer of a pollen grain wall, composed of sporopollenin.
Sporopollenin
A highly resistant organic material that makes up the exine of pollen grains.
Germ Pores
Openings in the exine of pollen grains where sporopollenin is absent.
Intine
The inner wall layer of a pollen grain, made of cellulose and pectin.
Vegetative Cell
The larger of the two cells in a pollen grain, containing abundant food reserve.
Generative Cell
The smaller cell within a pollen grain that divides to form two male gametes.
Gynoecium
The female reproductive part of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary; may be single or multiple (pistils).
Pistil
A single carpel in a gynoecium.
Syncarpous
Having multiple fused carpels.
Apocarpous
Having multiple free carpels.
Stigma
The part of the pistil that serves as a landing platform for pollen grains.
Style
The elongated, slender part beneath the stigma in a pistil.
Ovary
The basal, bulged part of the pistil containing the ovules.
Ovule
The megasporangium of flowering plants, containing the female gametophyte.
Funicle
The stalk by which the ovule is attached to the placenta.
Integuments
Protective layers of the ovule, enclosing the nucellus.
Micropyle
A small opening in the integuments of the ovule.
Chalaza
The basal part of the ovule, opposite the micropylar end.
Nucellus
A mass of cells within the ovule, enclosed by the integuments; contains reserve food materials.
Embryo Sac
The female gametophyte in flowering plants, located within the nucellus of the ovule.
Megasporogenesis
The process of megaspores forming from the megaspore mother cell (MMC).
Monosporic Development
Development of the embryo sac from a single megaspore.
Antipodals
Cells located at the chalazal end of the embryo sac.
Central Cell
The central cell in the embryo sac, containing two polar nuclei.
Polar Nuclei
Two nuclei in the central cell of the embryo sac, which fuse with a male gamete during fertilization.
Egg Apparatus
A group of three cells at the micropylar end of the embryo sac, consisting of two synergids and one egg cell.
Synergids
Two cells in the egg apparatus that guide the pollen tube into the embryo sac.
Filiform Apparatus
Cellular thickenings at the micropylar tip of synergids, guiding the pollen tubes.
Pollination
The mechanism to transfer pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a pistil.
Autogamy
Pollination achieved within the same flower.
Chasmogamous Flowers
Flowers that open and expose the anthers and stigma.
Cleistogamous Flowers
Flowers that do not open, ensuring autogamy.
Geitonogamy
Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of another flower of the same plant.
Xenogamy
Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a different plant.
Monoecious
Condition where male and female flowers are on the same plant, preventing autogamy.
Dioecy
Condition where male and female flowers are on separate plants, preventing autogamy and geitonogamy.
Self-Incompatibility
A genetic mechanism that prevents self-pollen from fertilizing the ovules.
Pollen-Pistil Interaction
All events from pollen landing on the stigma until the pollen tube enters the ovule.
Emasculation
Removal of anthers from a flower bud to prevent self-pollination.
Bagging
Covering emasculated flowers to prevent contamination from unwanted pollen.
Post-Fertilization Events
Events after double fertilization, including endosperm and embryo development, and maturation of ovules and ovary.
Endosperm
The triploid tissue that provides nutrition to the developing embryo.
Syngamy
Fusion of one male gamete with the egg cell to form a zygote.
Triple Fusion
Fusion of the other male gamete with the two polar nuclei to form the primary endosperm nucleus (PEN).
Double Fertilization
The phenomenon unique to flowering plants involving syngamy and triple fusion.
Primary Endosperm Cell (PEC)
The cell formed after triple fusion, which develops into the endosperm.
Zygote
The diploid cell formed after syngamy.
Non-Albuminous
Seeds with no residual endosperm, as it is completely consumed during embryo development.
Albuminous
Seeds that retain a part of the endosperm as it is not completely used up during embryo development.
Perisperm
Persistent nucellus in some seeds.
Testa
The seed coat, hardened from the integuments of the ovule.
Dormancy
A state of inactivity the embryo may enter.
True Fruits
Fruits that develop from the ovary.
False Fruits
Fruits in which the thalamus also contributes to fruit formation.
Parthenocarpic Fruits
Fruits that develop without fertilization.
Apomixis
A form of asexual reproduction that mimics sexual reproduction, producing seeds without fertilization.
Polyembryony
The occurrence of more than one embryo in a seed.