Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

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Vocabulary flashcards for key terms related to sexual reproduction in flowering plants, covering topics from flower structure to post-fertilization events.

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68 Terms

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Reproduction

A vital process for species survival, ensuring the continuation of life through the creation of progeny.

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Androecium

The male reproductive structure in a flower, consisting of the filament and anther.

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Gynoecium

The female reproductive structure in a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.

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Filament

A long, slender stalk that supports the anther in a stamen.

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Anther

The terminal, typically bilobed structure of a stamen where pollen grains are produced.

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Theca

The two compartments within each lobe of an anther.

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Tetragonal

The four-sided structure of an anther in transverse section, containing four microsporangia.

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Microsporangia

Structures located at the corners of an anther, where pollen grains develop.

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Microsporogenesis

The process of microspores forming from a pollen mother cell (PMC) through meiosis.

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Microspore Tetrad

A cluster of four microspores formed after meiosis in the anther.

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Pollen Grains

The male gametophytes in flowering plants, produced in the anthers.

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Exine

The outer, hard layer of a pollen grain wall, composed of sporopollenin.

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Sporopollenin

A highly resistant organic material that makes up the exine of pollen grains.

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Germ Pores

Openings in the exine of pollen grains where sporopollenin is absent.

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Intine

The inner wall layer of a pollen grain, made of cellulose and pectin.

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Vegetative Cell

The larger of the two cells in a pollen grain, containing abundant food reserve.

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Generative Cell

The smaller cell within a pollen grain that divides to form two male gametes.

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Gynoecium

The female reproductive part of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary; may be single or multiple (pistils).

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Pistil

A single carpel in a gynoecium.

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Syncarpous

Having multiple fused carpels.

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Apocarpous

Having multiple free carpels.

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Stigma

The part of the pistil that serves as a landing platform for pollen grains.

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Style

The elongated, slender part beneath the stigma in a pistil.

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Ovary

The basal, bulged part of the pistil containing the ovules.

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Ovule

The megasporangium of flowering plants, containing the female gametophyte.

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Funicle

The stalk by which the ovule is attached to the placenta.

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Integuments

Protective layers of the ovule, enclosing the nucellus.

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Micropyle

A small opening in the integuments of the ovule.

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Chalaza

The basal part of the ovule, opposite the micropylar end.

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Nucellus

A mass of cells within the ovule, enclosed by the integuments; contains reserve food materials.

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Embryo Sac

The female gametophyte in flowering plants, located within the nucellus of the ovule.

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Megasporogenesis

The process of megaspores forming from the megaspore mother cell (MMC).

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Monosporic Development

Development of the embryo sac from a single megaspore.

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Antipodals

Cells located at the chalazal end of the embryo sac.

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Central Cell

The central cell in the embryo sac, containing two polar nuclei.

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Polar Nuclei

Two nuclei in the central cell of the embryo sac, which fuse with a male gamete during fertilization.

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Egg Apparatus

A group of three cells at the micropylar end of the embryo sac, consisting of two synergids and one egg cell.

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Synergids

Two cells in the egg apparatus that guide the pollen tube into the embryo sac.

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Filiform Apparatus

Cellular thickenings at the micropylar tip of synergids, guiding the pollen tubes.

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Pollination

The mechanism to transfer pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a pistil.

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Autogamy

Pollination achieved within the same flower.

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Chasmogamous Flowers

Flowers that open and expose the anthers and stigma.

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Cleistogamous Flowers

Flowers that do not open, ensuring autogamy.

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Geitonogamy

Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of another flower of the same plant.

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Xenogamy

Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a different plant.

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Monoecious

Condition where male and female flowers are on the same plant, preventing autogamy.

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Dioecy

Condition where male and female flowers are on separate plants, preventing autogamy and geitonogamy.

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Self-Incompatibility

A genetic mechanism that prevents self-pollen from fertilizing the ovules.

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Pollen-Pistil Interaction

All events from pollen landing on the stigma until the pollen tube enters the ovule.

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Emasculation

Removal of anthers from a flower bud to prevent self-pollination.

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Bagging

Covering emasculated flowers to prevent contamination from unwanted pollen.

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Post-Fertilization Events

Events after double fertilization, including endosperm and embryo development, and maturation of ovules and ovary.

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Endosperm

The triploid tissue that provides nutrition to the developing embryo.

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Syngamy

Fusion of one male gamete with the egg cell to form a zygote.

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Triple Fusion

Fusion of the other male gamete with the two polar nuclei to form the primary endosperm nucleus (PEN).

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Double Fertilization

The phenomenon unique to flowering plants involving syngamy and triple fusion.

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Primary Endosperm Cell (PEC)

The cell formed after triple fusion, which develops into the endosperm.

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Zygote

The diploid cell formed after syngamy.

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Non-Albuminous

Seeds with no residual endosperm, as it is completely consumed during embryo development.

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Albuminous

Seeds that retain a part of the endosperm as it is not completely used up during embryo development.

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Perisperm

Persistent nucellus in some seeds.

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Testa

The seed coat, hardened from the integuments of the ovule.

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Dormancy

A state of inactivity the embryo may enter.

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True Fruits

Fruits that develop from the ovary.

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False Fruits

Fruits in which the thalamus also contributes to fruit formation.

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Parthenocarpic Fruits

Fruits that develop without fertilization.

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Apomixis

A form of asexual reproduction that mimics sexual reproduction, producing seeds without fertilization.

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Polyembryony

The occurrence of more than one embryo in a seed.