BIO DE // Southeastern Test 1 (Chapters 1-4)

What are the three parts of the cell theory?

All known living things are made up of one or more cells. All living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division. The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms.

Water is an excellent solvent for?

nonpolar molecules

What is evolution?

the process of change over time that has resulted un the array of organisms found on Earth

Glucose is an example of a..

molecule, monosaccharide

Why is lettuce not digested?

it contains cellulose

What are the two types of cells?

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

What has a nitrogenous base and a 5 carbon sugar?

DNA

Name 3 subatomic particles

protons, neutrons, electrons

What has a carbon in middle with 4 friends?

Protein

What parts in common do Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA

DNA has a strong _____________ bond between nucleotides and a weak ____________ bond between the 2 strands

covalent;hydrogen

Which is a prokarya?
- virus
- human
- bacterium
- protist
- fungi

Bacteria

What organelle would a heart have a lot of?

mitochondria

Genetic material of a prokaryote is best described as

Circular

DNA encodes genetic information that is used in transcription and translation in what macromolecules?

protein

Correct sequence of protein transport in a eukaryotic secretory pathway

vesicle - golgi - rough er - vesicle - membrane

Rough ER (makes protein), Vesicle, golgi (packages and ships), Vesicle, membrane

Most likely reason that glucose dissolves in water?

Polar and forms many hydrogen bonds

In _______________________ bonds, both atoms exert the same pull on shared electrons.

nonpolar covalent

Where do chemical reactions of prokaryotes happen?

Cytoplasm

Eukaryotic organelles arose from ingested prokaryotic cells

endosymbiotic theory

What type of bond is in a protein?

peptide

What type of bond is in a nucleic acid?

phosphodiester

What type of bond is in a carb?

glycosidic

What type of bond is in a lipid?

ester linkage

Presence of which feature distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells

nucleus

A virally infected cell tries to rid itself of a pathogen, what organelle would do this?

lysosome

2 monomers have free hydrogen on one end. In order to be bonded by dehydration synthesis, what must be present on the other end?

hydroxyl

Electrons in magnesiums ____ energy level have the least potential energy.

first

What is an example of evolution?

antibiotic resistance

What is an example of a prokaryote?

bacteria such as e.coli

STUDY THE QUIZZIZZ

OK

What is a a single celled organism that does not have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles?

prokaryote

What is biology?

the study of life

Where is DNA in prokaryotes?

nucleoid region

What is an isotope?

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

Which type of cell has a cell wall?

plant cell

What are the five unifying themes of biology?

organization, information, energy and matter, interactions, evolution

Is a bacteria alive?

Yes

What are the four abundant elements in living things?

Oxygen
Carbon
Nitrogen
Hydrogen

What is reductionism?

The approach of reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study.

Is a virus alive?

No, it does not possess all of the requirements for life.

What are examples of eukaryotes?

plants, animals, fungi, protists

What is a compound?

2 or more elements combined

Where is DNA in a eukaryote?

inside the nucleus

What are emergent properties?

New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.

What is cell differentiation?

The process in which cells become specialized.

What is an example of a compound?

H2O - broken up they are gases, together they are a liquid

What is the charge of a proton?

positive

What are stem cells?

unspecialized cells from which differentiated cells develop

What is the ethical problem in gathering stem cells?

Stem cells are best taken from a human fetus, therefore you must kill the baby fetus. People argue whether it is actually a human or not, which it most certainly is.

What is systems biology?

the exploration of a biological system by analyzing the interactions among its parts

What is the cell membrane?

Holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out

What is the smallest unit of organization that can preform all activities required for life?

cell

What is the cell membrane made up of?

phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins

Where is the proton located?

inside the nucleus

What is the interior of the cell membrane?

hydrophobic

What is a single-celled microorganism called?

A prokaryotic cell

What is the exterior of the cell membrane?

hydrophilic

What is the charge of an electron?

negative

What is the cytoplasm?

fluid inside the cell

What is an example of a prokaryotic cell?

bacteria and archea

What is the mitochondria?

Powerhouse that makes energy! Does this by "burning" glucose and oxygen to make ATP. It is where cellular respiration takes place in animal structures.

Where is the electron located?

electron cloud

How does the mitochondria make energy?

by "burning" glucose and oxygen to make ATP.

What is a cell that has a nucleus and organelles?

eukaryotic cell

What are the parts of the mitochondria?

Inner/outer membrane, Cristae, Matrix

What is the charge of a neutron?

neutral

What is the cristae of the mitochondria?

The layers of the folded inner membrane.

What is an example of an eukaryotic cell?

plants and animals

What is the matrix of the mitochondria?

fluid part of the mitochondria

Where is the neutron located?

nucleus

What is the nucleus of a cell?

- the control center of the cell, contains nearly all the cell's DNA
- Contains a double membrane
- Holes for rRNA to leave

What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells:
membrane enclosed organelles
DNA in the nucleus

Prokaryotic cells:
Lacks a nucleus
Non-membrane bound organelles
Generally smaller than eukaryotic cells

Why are atoms typically neutral?

They have the same amount of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

What is inside of the nucleus of a cell?

nucleolus

What is the nucleolus of the cell?

is the site of rRNA production
makes ribosomes

What is the level of biological organization that consists of all life on Earth and all the places where life exists?

Biosphere

What are the chromosomes of a cell?

- Inside the nucleus and are made of genes (DNA)
- Genes decide the cells traits and activities

What is atomic mass?

Number of protons and neutrons

How many chromosomes does a human have?

46, 23 pairs

What is the level of biological organization that consists of all the living things in a particular area, along with all the nonliving components of the environment with which life interacts?

Ecosystems

What are isotopes?

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

What is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes?

Chromatin is uncondensed chromosomes; it becomes chromosomes in mitosis

What are vacuoles in a cell?

- Spaces in the cytoplasm where food and chemicals are stored
- Biggest organelle in a plant cell

What is an example of an ecosystem?

forest

Why do plants need a central vacuole?

Plants have a central vacuole to store the amount of water it needs

What are radioactive isotopes?

decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy

What is the endomembrane system?

Composed of different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell

What is the level of biological organization that is an array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem?

Community

What does the endomembrane system consist of?

Consists of: rough and smooth ER,
Golgi apparatus,
vesicles
plasma membrane

What are valence electrons?

electrons in the outermost shell

What is the rough ER?

- studded with ribosomes
= Synthesize proteins for the membrane and endomembrane system and proteins for export from the cell, modify proteins with addition of glycoproteins
- Ribosomes that are bound are exporting proteins, unbound produce proteins for the cell itself

What is an example of a community?

all of the organisms living in your home

What is the smooth ER?

- no ribosomes, contains embedded enzymes
- Synthesis of membrane lipids
- Neutralizes toxins

What are ionic bonds?

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another.

What is the golgi apparatus?

- Responsible for sorting and correctly shipping the proteins produced in the ER
- It is stacks of membrane-covered sacs
- Package proteins to be moved out of the cell
- Collects, packages, modifies, and distributes molecules

What is the level of biological organization that consists of all the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area?

Population

What is a vesicle?

A small sac that surrounds material to be moved into or out of a cell

What are ions?

charged particles

What are ribosomes?

- Protein synthesis
- Site of translation (mRNA→ proteins)
- Free ribosomes synthesize cytoplasmic, nuclear, mitochondrial and other organelle proteins
- Membrane-associated ribosomes synthesize proteins for the membrane and the endomembrane system and proteins for export from the cell