Causality

Linear causality definition

IV is manipulated and has a direct affect on DV under controlled conditions

Linear causality characteristics

• cause precedes effect

• direct link between cause + effect

• clear beginning + ending

• effect can be traced back to one cause

• effect is reliable + highly predictable

domino causality definition

when an effect becomes the cause of another effect

domino causality characteristics

• sequential unfolding of effects overtime

• extended linear pattern that results in direct + indirect effects

• can lead to branching where one cause leads to more than one effects

• first cause is not always a direct cause → can lead to several other effects

• helps explain why not everyone has the same effect from the same first cause

cyclical causality definition

cause leads to effect that causes the original cause

effect size

• how meaningful the relationship between variables or the difference between the group is

• Large effect size → research findings have practical significance

• Small effect size → limited practical applications