Tectonic Processes and Hazards

AUTO FLASHCARDS (MORE WILL BE ADDED)

Hot magma

________ is believed to move in circles in the asthenosphere, causing plates to move.

Volcanic monitoring

________ is not 100 % accurate, and not all volcanoes are being monitored.

Technology

________ plays an important role in helping communities and individuals become less vulnerable.

Transform faults

________ are found cutting across ridges.

TEPHRA

________ AND ASH FALLS: volcanic ash and rock that enter the air during an eruption.

SLAB PULL

________: newly formed oceanic crust at mid- ocean ridges becomes denser and thicker as it cools, and sinks into the mantle, pulling the rest of the plate with it.

LAHARS

________: masses of rock, mud and water which travel down a volcano.

Tech monitoring

________ allows scientists to learn about natural processes and advance prediction.

Liquefaction

________: when surface rocks and earth lose strength and become somewhat liquid.

Community groups

________ can be involved in long term strategies for rebuilding and improving resilience.

Natural disasters

________ are expensive and economic costs are rising.

Ash

________ can clog up engines, meaning air travel has to be closed.

Roofs of houses

________ near volcanoes are sloped to reduce ash build up.

Conservative / transform

________: where two plates slide past each other.

Japan

________ has the best earthquake and tsunami warning systems, but in 2011, the warning system underestimated the tsunami, so not everyone was evacuated or prepared.

Seismic waves

________ are measured with a seismometer which detects movement of the ground.

Sweden

The tsunami affected countries as far away as Africa directly, and countries as far away as ________ indirectly due to the high number of tourist deaths due to it occurring during a holiday season.

PYROCLASTIC FLOWS

________: mixtures of dense hot rock, lava, ash and gas ejected by a volcano.

New buildings

________ or structures are designed to resist ground shaking.

Divergent / constructive

________: where two plates move apart.

Love

________ waves= surface waves: they travel across the Earths surface.

High levels of corruption

________= no commitment to infrastructure and living improvements.

Kenya

________ lost US $ 1.3 million per day due to inability to trade goods (20 % of the economy is based on export of green vegetables and flowers to Europe)

Landslides / avalanches

________: shaking stresses slopes, causing a loss of structural integrity and collapse.

ice

Lahars: Caused when ________ or snow are melted by lava, or heavy rain erodes rock and soil.

lithosphere

The ________ is broken into 7 major tectonic plates, and more minor plates which move over the asthenosphere.

immediate issues

Developing country: poor, resources spent on ________ such as disease.

Crustal fracturing

________: when the surface of the earth physically cracks.

Convergent / destructive

________: where two plates collide.

NGOs

________ play a vital role in disaster management, especially where local governments are struggling to respond to a hazard or lack of resources.

SUBDUCTION

________: if seafloor spreading occurs, the earth should be expanding, but as new crust forms, crust is also being destroyed by ________ (one plate slides beneath another and melts)

Mitigation

________: strategies to avoid, delay or prevent hazard events.

Continental crust

________ is older, thicker and less dense.

TSUNAMI

________: a series of larger- than- normal waves which ted to be caused by tectonic events.

Adaptation

________: strategies to reduce impacts of hazard events.

Cyprus freeway

Loma Prieta: The ________ collapsed in the marina district causing 42 of 67 deaths when drivers on the lower level were crushed- the bridge was built on soft mud, but the rest stood on sand and gravel, so didn’t experience as severe damage.

VOLCANOES

________: openings in the Earths crust from which lava, ash and gas erupt.

Insurance

________ can help communities recover from disasters and provide individuals and businesses with money to repair and rebuild, however in many places, people dont have ________ for tectonic hazards as they experience more pressing economic needs.

Hottest part of the Earths structure

6000ºC

MANTLE CONVECTION

heat produced by decay of radioactive elements in the Earths core which heats the lower mantle and creates convection currents

SLAB PULL

newly formed oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges becomes denser and thicker as it cools, and sinks into the mantle, pulling the rest of the plate with it

SUBDUCTION

if seafloor spreading occurs, the earth should be expanding, but as new crust forms, crust is also being destroyed by subduction (one plate slides beneath another and melts)

SEAFLOOR SPREADING

mid-ocean ridges form when magma is forced up and hardens and pushes plates apart

CONVERGENT/DESTRUCTIVE

where two plates collide

DIVERGENT/CONSTRUCTIVE

where two plates move apart

CONSERVATIVE/TRANSFORM

where two plates slide past each other

Tourism economy collapsed

Nepal: US$5 billion was lost which roughly equates to 25% of GDP

NATURAL HAZARDS

A natural process becomes a natural hazard when it affects people

DISASTERS

A natural hazard can become a disaster under specific conditions (which are hard to define) but is usually when a hazard affects a vulnerable population which cannot cope with its own resources

The point where the pressure is released

FOCUS

The point on the surface directly above the focus

EPICENTRE

P waves

primary/pressure

S waves

secondary/shear

L waves

surface love waves

Crustal fracturing

when the surface of the earth physically cracks

SECONDARY EFFECTS

effects which occur after the earthquake

Liquefaction

when surface rocks and earth lose strength and become somewhat liquid

Landslides/avalanches

caused by shaking and stresses on slopes which reduce structural integrity and lead to collapse

VOLCANOES

openings in the Earths crust from which lava, ash and gas erupt

LAVA FLOWS

streams of erupted lava from a volcano

PYROCLASTIC FLOWS

mixtures of dense hot rock, lava, ash and gas ejected by a volcano

TEPHRA AND ASH FALLS

volcanic ash and rock that enter the air during an eruption

LAHARS

masses of rock, mud and water which travel down a volcano

DART systems are used to monitor changes in sea level and pressure via seabed sensors and surface buoys

DEEP OCEAN ASSESSMENT AND REPORTING OF TSUNAMI

2004 Boxing day: Economies were devastated

2004 Boxing day: fishing, tourism, agriculture

HAITI

7.0 magnitude, 316.000 deaths, developing country, 1.3 million homeless

CHINA

7.9 magnitude, 87.150 deaths, emerging country, 5 million homeless

Haiti: One airport, several ports, few main roads

Haiti: all became damaged, this stopped aid supplies from arriving and being fairly distributed

JAPAN

11th march 2011

Strict building regulations in Japan

75% of buildings constructed with aseismic / earthquake resilient engineering

The Philippines lie in the South East Asia typhoon belt

The Philippines is affected by 15 typhoons per year, struck by 6-9

The Philippines: 7107 islands

The Philippines: 25% bigger than the UK

SHORT-TERM

health and safety, power and water, transportation, financial assistance

LONG-TERM

rebuilding homes, rebuilding infrastructure, reopening business and school

Mitigation

strategies to avoid, delay or prevent hazard events

Adaptation

strategies to reduce impacts of hazard events

GIS mapping

hazard maps and management of hazards

Early warning systems

use of scientific instruments to detect signs that an event is going to occur, and warn a community

Satellite-communication technology

transmission of data from monitoring equipment

Mobile phone technology

used to communicate rapid warnings and coordinate preparation activities

ULSHAHIDI

an online resource allowing the creation of an interactive map

emergency procedures

in Japan, children practice earthquake drills four times a year

SHORT-TERM AID

restoring water supplies, providing temporary shelter

LONG-TERM AID

reconstructing buildings and infrastructure, redeveloping the economy, managing programmes to reduce impact of future disasters