General Concepts Etiology and Pathogenesis

Flashcards of general concepts of Etiology and general Pathology, with information of term definition

Pathology

The science that studies diseases, including etiology, pathogenesis, pathological anatomy, symptomatology, and patocronia.

Etiology

The study of the causes of diseases, interpreted as a cause-effect relationship.

Risk Factors

Factors in the population linked to a higher frequency and severity of a disease; also known as risk markers.

Pathogenesis

Explains the mechanisms by which causal agents lead to disease.

Physiopathology

Study of the abnormal course of vital processes that explains the genesis of manifestations.

Anatomical Pathology

Describes the anatomical substrate of the disease through macroscopic and microscopic observation of organs and tissues.

Symptomatology/Semiology

Analyzes how diseases manifest through subjective (symptoms) and objective (signs) data.

Patocronia

Studies the development of disease over time.

Syndromes

Combinations of symptoms, signs, and alterations in complementary exams that indicate a common pathophysiological mechanism.

Diagnosis

Process to identify the syndrome or disease affecting a patient.

Anamnesis

Interview of a patient to collect previous data remembered by the patient.

Exploration Physics

Detection of disease signs through physical examination.

Complementary Examinations

Laboratory tests, functional tests, diagnostic imaging, endoscopies, and biopsies.

Sensibility

Expresses how often a particular datum appears in patients affected by a disease.

Specificity

Frequency with which a particular datum is absent in other diseases.

Differential Diagnosis

A reasoned process to select the possibilities that explain clinical data and complementary tests, as well as the patocronia.

Protocols

Step-by-step guidelines that indicate the strategy to follow for differential diagnosis.

Algorithms

A branching graphic pattern with binary logic to advance through steps until resolving a problem.

Prognosis

Prediction of the patient's future, regarding survival, functional recovery, and future complications.

Treatment

Hygienic, dietary, pharmacological, physical, surgical, and psychological resources.

Etiological Treatment

Acts on the cause of the disease.

Pathogenic Treatment

Acts on the mechanisms through which the cause is effective.

Symptomatic Treatment

Simple correction of the symptoms.

Salud (Health)

State of complete physical, mental, spiritual, emotional, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease.

Homeostasis

The body's ability to maintain a characteristic and constant physical-chemical situation within certain limits.

Negative feedback

Stimulus triggers an opposite effect.

Positive feedback

Stimulus triggers a cumulative effect.

Hipobaria

Decrease in the atmospheric pressure.

Hyperbaria

Increase in atmospheric pressure.

Traumatism

Agent collides with the body, communicating its living force and damaging it by subjecting tissues to pressures and tractions.

Contusions

Lesions without a break in the skin's continuity.

Ecchymosis

Rupture of capillaries and small vessels, releasing blood into the subcutaneous tissue.

Hematoma

Rupture of larger vessels, accumulating more blood.

Necrosis

Skin and subcutaneous tissue necrosis.

Fracture

Break in the continuity of bones.

Luxations

Altered normal relationship between articular surfaces.

Wound

Break in the skin's continuity.

H. Superficiales

Superficial wounds that exclusively affect the skin and subcutaneous tissue.

H. Profundas

Wounds that surpass the subcutaneous tissue.

H. Penetrantes

Wounds that reach the great cavities.

H. Perforantes

Wounds that access the light of a hollow viscera.

Conmocion

Occurs when the head is displaced abruptly, causing tractions and deformations due to inertia.

Hemorragia

Hemorrhage by vascular injury.

Lesion inflammatory

Inflammatory lesion: pain, redness, swelling, local temperature increase, and functional impotence.

Shok hipovolemico

Shock due to the loss of blood.

Homeotermo

Describes the body's requirement for a constant temperature for bodily functions.

Hipertermia

Accumulation of heat in the body while maintaining the control point of the thermoregulatory center.

Golpe calor clasico

Situation in which heat accumulates in the organism, maintaining the control point of the thermoregulatory center

Golpe calor ejercicio

High heat production by the muscles that can not be eliminated by the usual mechanisms.

Hipotermia

A condition characterized by a low body temperature, below 35ºC.

Quemadura

Tissue damage due to thermal injury of the skin and subcutaneous tissues by heat.

Pies de trinchera

Lesion of piel, isquemia and neurological damage in hands and feet due to cold temperatures

Perniosis /Sabañones

Reddish, bluish lesions in acral areas that are very itchy due to the cold and increased of local temperature

Congelaciones

Tissue damages, such as, swelling or ampules, with or without gangrene, due to cold local conditions, such as acral zones

Toxico

A chemical susbstance that leads to a pathological action at relatively small concentrations

veneno

Power and harmful toxicos

Xenobiotico

Any sustance that is strange to the body

Toxina

Toxicos produced by living beings

Sobredosis

Clinical manifestation with elevated doses of non-toxic substances

Toxic life cycle

ADME. The conjunto of the toxic process from the contact to the emilination

Dosis letal media

The dose to kill half of the animals which is being test on

Efecto sinergico

Toxic effects are larger than the individual one

Efecto antagonico

The Toxic effects are smaller than the individual one

Patogenicidad

The capacity to produce a pathological action

Virulencia

Hability to generate lesions

Patogeno oportunista

Occasion some injury situation on patients with altheration

Transmisibilidad

capacity of a microorganism to spread from one individual to another

toxinas

Toxic substabces produced by pathogens

adhesividad

adherence, capability to physically attach to the host's tissue

exotoxinas

Secreted to the medium produced by the agent outside

endotoxinas

Released to destroy the biological agent