Ch. 27 Cerebrum

The thalamus, epithalamus, sub-thalamus, and hypothalamus are all comprised in the ...

diencephalon

Thalamus receives information from the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and all sensory systems except __________

olfactory

__________ nuclei convey information from sensory organs, basal ganglia, or the cerebellum of the cerebral cortex

Relay

_______________ nuclei process emotional and some memory information or integrate different types of sensation

Association

___________ nuclei regulate consciousness, arousal, and attention

Nonspecific

Motor information to output of the motor planning area comes from ...

basal ganglia

Sensory information comes from the ...

DCML/spinothalamic tracts

Stimulation of what part in the brain causes animals to search for food, drink water, and digest food (behaviors with visceral functions to promote homeostasis)?

hypothalamus

Hypothalamus aids in controlling the hormones in our bodies by regulating secretions from the __________ gland

pituitary

What sits in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone?

pituitary gland

Pituitary hormones control most of the endocrine system and specifically target all but which of the following?

a. liver

b. adrenal cortex

c. thyroid gland

d. ovaries or testes

a

Growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, leutinizing hormone, and prolactin are all released by which pituitary?

a. anterior

b. posterior

anterior

Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are secreted by the _________ pituitary

posterior

What is the major structure of the epithalamus?

pineal gland

Which structure in the cerebellum is known to regulate circadian rhythms and to influence secretions of pituitary gland, adrenal and parathyroid glands, and islets of Langerhans?

epithalamus

Which structure in the cerebellum is part of the basal ganglia circuit which is involved in regulating movement?

subthalamus

All white matter consists of ...

myelinated axons

Subcortical white matter fibers are classified into three categories, what are they?

- projection

- comissural

- association

__________ fibers are found in the internal capsule and act as a toll booth, in that they convey signals from subcortical structures to cerebral cortex and then to basal ganglia, brainstem, thalamus, and spinal cord (relaying somatosensory, visual, auditory, and motor information to cerebral cortex (everything moves through to then go where it needs to)

Projection

The __________ limb of projection fibers regulate emotions/motivation

a. anterior

b. posterior

a

The ______________ limb of projection fibers regulate somatosensory, auditory, and motor information

a. anterior

b. posterior

b

____________________ fibers connect homologous (left and right) areas of cerebral hemispheres

Commissural

What is the largest group of commissural fibers, linking many areas of the right and left hemispheres?

corpus callosum

_________ fibers connect cortical regions within one hemisphere

Association

________ association fibers connect adjacent gyri, and _________ association fibers connect lobe within one hemisphere

short / long

There are two types of cortical neurons in the cerebral cortex, which are small interneurons that remain in the cortex?

a. granule

b. pyramidal

a

Which sensory cortex discriminates among different intensities and qualities of sensory info (primary receptor of general bodily sensations, or somatic sensations, such as touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception)?

a. primary sensory cortex

b. secondary sensory cortex

c. association cortex

a

The _______________ sensory cortex performs more complex analysis of sensation

secondary

Which cortex in the cerebrum controls behavior, interprets sensation, and processes emotions and memories?

a. primary sensory cortex

b. secondary sensory cortex

c. association cortex

c

Motor planning areas ________ movements

organize

Tactile, proprioception, pain, temperature (postcentral gyrus) is controlled by ...

a. Somatosensory Cortex

b. Primary Auditory Cortex

c. Primary Vestibular Cortex

d. Primary Visual Cortex

a

Conscious awareness of intensity of sound (superior temporal gyrus) is controlled by ...

a. Somatosensory Cortex

b. Primary Auditory Cortex

c. Primary Vestibular Cortex

d. Primary Visual Cortex

b

Perceives head movements in relation to gravity. Posterior end of lateral sulcus (R hemisphere for R hand dominant ppl L hemisphere for L hand dominant ppl) is controlled by ...

a. Somatosensory Cortex

b. Primary Auditory Cortex

c. Primary Vestibular Cortex

d. Primary Visual Cortex

c

Distinguish between light/dark, shapes, movement of objects (calcarine sulcus/gyrus) is controlled by ...

a. Somatosensory Cortex

b. Primary Auditory Cortex

c. Primary Vestibular Cortex

d. Primary Visual Cortex

d

Visual information processed by secondary visual cortex flows in two directions: Dorsally (_________ in the frontal lobe) and ventrally (__________ in temporal lobe) Information in the action stream is used to adjust limb movements

action / perception

In the example of reaching for a cup, ____________ info regulates moving arm to the cup, ____________ info to identify the object

a. ventral / dorsal

b. dorsal / ventral

b

The primary motor cortex controls _____________ voluntary movements- fine movements of the hand and face

a. ipsilateral

b. contralateral

c. medial

d. lateral

b

The ________________ motor area initiates movement, controls orientation of eyes and faster/more complex movements

supplemental

A lesion in the supplemental motor area would be indicated if a person has which of the following difficulties...?

a. typing, texting, or lack of contralateral movement

b. automaticity of movements (reaching, grasping), Gait impairment, Affecting axial motor control

c. impaired communication (broca's aphasia)

a

A lesion in the premotor cortex would be indicated if a person has which of the following difficulties...?

a. typing, texting, or lack of contralateral movement

b. automaticity of movements (reaching, grasping), Gait impairment, Affecting axial motor control

c. impaired communication (broca's aphasia)

b

A lesion in the inferior frontal gyrus would be indicated if a person has which of the following difficulties...?

a. typing, texting, or lack of contralateral movement

b. automaticity of movements (reaching, grasping), Gait impairment, Affecting axial motor control

c. impaired communication (broca's aphasia)

c

Areas of cortex not directly involved with sensation or movement are called _____________ cortex

association

T or F: Thalamic lesions involve relay nuclei which interrupt ascending pathways, mostly affecting proprioception

T

T or F: Thalamic pain syndrome is known as ipsilateral pain without a stimulus

F; contralateral pain

CVA to posterior nucleus causes lateropulsion. T or F: This is seen as pushing towards the more affected side

T

Disorders of the subcortical white matter, internal capsule specifically result in ___________________ decrease in voluntary movement and somatosensation

a. contralateral

b. ipsilateral

a

Which disorder is known as the general term for the inability to recognize objects when using a specific sense?

agnosia

Which area of lesion would result in agnosia?

secondary sensory area

Which type of agnosia is known as the inability to identify objects by touch and manipulation despite intact discriminative somatosensation?

a. astereognosis

b. visual agnosia

c. auditory agnosia

a (would be able to describe palpated object but not identify it)

Which type of agnosia is known as the inability to visually recognize objects despite having intact vision?

a. astereognosis

b. visual agnosia

c. auditory agnosia

b (can describe the shape and size of objects using vision but cannot identify the objects visually)

Which type of agnosia results in Destruction of secondary auditory cortex spares ability to perceive sound but deprives person of recognition of meaning of sound?

a. astereognosis

b. visual agnosia

c. auditory agnosia

c

Which disorder is known as the inability to use visual information to direct movements, despite intact ability to visually identify and describe objects (reaching for an object, but cannot use visual cues to change the course of her hand for more accuracy)?

optic ataxia

________________ motor cortex lesions result in loss of movement

Primary

Which speech disorder results from spasticity or paresis of muscles used for speaking?

dysarthria

Which location of MN is spastic issue causing harsh/awkward speech affecting coordination?

a. UMN

b. LMN

a

Which location of MN issue causes soft and imprecise speech?

a. UMN

b. LMN

b

____________ is known as motor agnosia

Apraxia (knowledge of how to perform skilled movement is lost)

Motor preservation is identified as ...

uncontrollable repetition of movement

T or F: Apraxia, motor preservation, and Broca's aphasia are all motor planning disorders

T

____________ is known as the inability to voluntarily perform the learned task when given necessary objects/cues

a. ideational

b. ideomotor

b

_____________ is the inability to carry out tasks in proper order

a. ideational

b. ideomotor

a

T or F: Those with a functional neurological disorder are faking sensory or motor issues because they do not have any abnormalities on neurologic tests

F; sensory and motor issues are genuine (malingering is falsification or profound exaggeration of illness (physical or mental) to gain external benefits such as avoiding work or responsibility)

Which pathology is known as a neurologic outcome of interruption of blood flow to the cerebrum (depends on etiology, location, and size of the infarct or hemorrhage)?

a. cerebral stroke

b. tumor

c. epilepsy

a

Which pathology is known as a spontaneous abnormal growth of tissue that forms a mass (s/s produced by this are usually due to compression; determined by location and size)?

a. cerebral stroke

b. tumor

c. epilepsy

b

Which pathology is characterized by sudden attacks of excessive cortical neuronal discharge interfering with brain function?

a. cerebral stroke

b. tumor

c. epilepsy

c

Partial seizures affect only a restricted area of cortex; generalized seizures affect ...

the entire cortex

T or F: After seizure, a person can be confused and may be very somnolent for several minutes to hours and has no memory of seizure

T