Public health exam 1

Public Health

Health care for vulnerable populations historically.

1920 Definition

Science and art of preventing disease through community effort.

1988 Definition

Community efforts aimed at disease prevention and health promotion.

2000s Definition

Totality of efforts preserving health and preventing disease.

Health Protection

Antiquity to 1830s focus on prevention and protection.

Hygiene Movement

1840-1870s focus on sanitation and social conditions.

Father of Epidemiology

John Snow, emphasized data collection and documentation.

Vital Statistics

Birth and death records for public health data.

Germ Theory

Louis Pasteur's theory leading to diagnostic testing.

Vaccinations

Advancements in preventing diseases like Tetanus and Diphtheria.

American Public Health Association

Formed in 1872 to promote public health.

Penicillin Discovery

Revolutionized treatment and prevention in the 1950s.

Medicaid and Medicare

Programs assisting uninsured populations with health care.

Randomized Control Trials

Epidemiological method for testing interventions.

Health Promotion

Mid-1980s focus on individual behavior change.

Population Health

2000s focus on whole populations and global issues.

Bioterrorism

Emerging threat requiring public health response.

Community Assessment

Evaluating health needs at a population level.

Shared Health Concerns

Addressing environmental and social health issues.

Vulnerable Groups

Populations needing special consideration in health.

Emerging Diseases

New infectious diseases requiring public health strategies.

Environmental Movement

Focus on health impacts of environmental factors.

Population Health Approach

Evidence-based problem solving for health interventions.

Social-ecological model

Framework considering social and environmental factors.

High risk approach

Targets interventions at highest risk groups.

Improving the average approach

Focuses on health of entire population.

Health care

One-on-one medical care for individuals.

Traditional public health

Population-based programs for health improvement.

Social interventions

Aims to enhance social justice and equity.

Lifecycle stage impacts health

Health varies across different life stages.

Determinants of health

Factors causing morbidity and mortality.

Contributory causes

Direct factors leading to health issues.

BIG GEMS

Behavior, infection, genetics, geography, environment, medical care, socioeconomic-cultural.

Social determinants

Economic and social factors affecting health.

Health disparities

Differences in health outcomes among populations.

Population changes

Shifts in demographic, epidemiological, and nutritional factors.

Core Functions of Public Health

Assessment, policy development, and assurance.

Assessment

Monitoring and investigating health conditions.

Policy development

Creating informed health policies and community partnerships.

Assurance

Ensuring laws are enforced and competence is maintained.

PERIE Process

Framework for evidence-based public health practice.

Burden of disease

Morbidity and mortality occurrence due to diseases.

Incidence

New cases of a disease over time.

Mortality rates

Incidence of death due to a disease.

Case-fatality

Chance of dying after disease diagnosis.

Prevalence

Total cases of a disease at a time.

Epidemiologists

Investigate disease patterns in populations.

Group associations

Connections between disease frequency and factors.

Ecological studies

Compare health data at group levels.

Statistically Significant Group Associations

Require further individual-level research for validation.

Group Associations

May mislead about individual-level relationships.

Hypotheses for Investigations

Derived from statistically significant group associations.

Confounding Variables

Extraneous factors related to both exposure and outcome.

Etiology

Study of contributory causes of health outcomes.

Contributory Cause Criteria

Three criteria: association, precedence, alteration.

Case-Control Study

Establishes association between cause and effect.

Cohort Study

Determines if cause precedes the effect.

Randomized Controlled Trials

Shows altering cause affects the outcome.

Relative Risk (RR)

Probability comparison of disease development between groups.

Dose-Response Relationship

Higher exposure correlates with increased effect probability.

Consistency of Relationship

Similar results across diverse populations and locations.

Biological Plausibility

Mechanisms explaining cause-and-effect relationships.

Evidence-Based Recommendations

Criteria include quality, impact magnitude, and classification.

Intervention Benefits

Positive outcomes from health interventions.

Intervention Risks

Potential harms associated with health interventions.

Cost of Interventions

Financial implications versus benefits of health actions.

Implementation Method

Systematic approach for effective intervention application.

When-Who-How Approach

Guides timing, target, and method of interventions.

Prevention Levels

Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies.

RE-AIM Framework

Evaluates reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, maintenance.

Health Communication Scope

Broad range of strategies for public health messaging.

Public health surveillance

Systematic collection and analysis of health data.

Quantitative sources

Data types including case reports and surveys.

Qualitative sources

Data types including interviews and focus groups.

Infant mortality rate

Death rate of infants within the first year.

Life expectancy

Average lifespan considering mortality at each age.

Under 5 mortality

Death rate of children under five years old.

Health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE)

Life expectancy adjusted for quality of life.

Disability-adjusted life expectancy (DALY)

One lost year of healthy life due to disease.

Graphics

Visual representations of health data.

Health literacy

Understanding health information for informed decisions.

Dread effect

Fear influencing perception of health risks.

Unfamiliarity effect

Perception influenced by lack of knowledge.

Uncontrollability effect

Perception affected by perceived lack of control.

Health Communication SUCCESs

Framework for effective health messaging.

Simplicity

Clear, memorable statements for communication.

Unexpectedness

Capturing attention through surprising elements.

Concreteness

Use of tangible examples in communication.

Credibility

Reliance on trustworthy information sources.

Emotions

Connecting messages to audience feelings.

Stories

Narratives that illustrate health issues.

Decision analysis

Combining information for effective decision-making.

Probability

Likelihood of an outcome expressed as a percentage.

Utility scale

Measures value individuals assign to outcomes.

Expected utility

Probability multiplied by outcome's utility.

Certainty effect

Preference for certain outcomes over uncertain ones.

Informed consent approach

Ensuring understanding before making health decisions.

Shared decision making

Collaborative approach to health decision-making.