Unit 1.1, 2.1, and 2.3 Test AP World: Modern

When did Homo sapiens emerge?

Around 300,000 years ago in Africa.

How long did the migration of Homo sapiens to other continents take?

160,000 years.

When did the migration period of Homo sapiens end?

Around 1200, when the first humans settled New Zealand.

What lifestyle did most groups adopt before the Agricultural Revolution?

A hunter-gatherer lifestyle, assisted only by stone tools.

What era represents 95% of human history?

The Paleolithic era or the Old Stone Age.

What characterized the social organization of Paleolithic groups?

Typically organized in groups of twenty-five to fifty with intense personal connections.

What was the typical lifestyle of most tribes during the Paleolithic era?

Nomadic and egalitarian.

What was the life expectancy like during the Paleolithic era?

Incredibly short.

What cultural expression is associated with the Aboriginal people of Australia?

Dreamtime stories, demonstrating a clear sense of creativity.

What marked the Agricultural Revolution?

Deliberate cultivation of specific plants and domestication of animals.

What impact did the Agricultural Revolution have on human societies?

It laid the foundation for modern life, including growing populations, settled villages, and technological innovation.

What percentage of human history did the hunter-gatherer lifestyle encompass?

The vast majority, until the Agricultural Revolution.

What major societal changes occurred as a result of the Agricultural Revolution?

Development of cities, states, empires, civilizations, writings, and literature.

How did the Agricultural Revolution affect population growth?

It led to increased population growth.

What is one consequence of the Agricultural Revolution regarding health?

The emergence of animal-borne diseases.

What were pastoral societies primarily focused on?

The domestication of animals for milk, clothing, meat, and transport.

Where did pastoral societies primarily emerge?

Central Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, the Sahara, and parts of eastern and southern Africa.

What caused tense relations between nomadic herders and farmers?

Herders wanted farmers' land for grazing and crops for food.

What was a significant outcome of the Agricultural Revolution?

The emergence of complex and distinctive societies, such as Mesopotamia and Egypt.

What defines a civilization?

A city governed by states, resulting from the Agricultural Revolution, where substantial groups cannot supply their own food.

What social structure began to emerge in early civilizations?

A social hierarchy with a division of labor leading to unequal distribution of wealth and resources.

How did environmental factors influence civilizations?

Civilizations like Peru, India, China, Egypt, and Mesopotamia were located near river valleys, which supported productive agriculture.

What characterized the social structure in ancient China?

An elite bureaucracy recruited from the landlord class, with peasant farmers at the bottom.

What was the caste system in India based on?

Birth, with little social mobility and a rigid structure justified by cultural and religious traditions.

What role did slavery play in ancient civilizations?

Slaves were at the bottom of social hierarchies, with varying reliance on slavery across different civilizations.

What were the two major cultural traditions that emerged in South Asia?

Hinduism and Buddhism.

Who was the founder of Buddhism?

Siddhartha Guatama, also known as the Buddha.

What is the Eightfold Path in Buddhism?

A guide to living a modest and moral lifestyle to achieve nirvana.

What distinguishes Mahayana Buddhism from Theravada Buddhism?

Mahayana Buddhism is more accessible and includes the concept of bodhisattvas, while Theravada emphasizes rigorous meditation.

What is Confucianism based on?

The teachings of Confucius, focusing on moral behavior and the family structure as a model for political life.

How did Confucianism influence the Chinese educational system?

It became the blueprint for educating elite men and ingraining Confucian values.

What was the role of cultural traditions in civilizations by 1200?

They provided a sense of common identity and justified social inequalities.

What was the Bhakti Movement in Hinduism?

A devotional movement emphasizing personal devotion to gods, which was more accessible to everyday people.

What impact did the Agricultural Revolution have on social structures?

It led to the establishment of chiefdoms and later complex civilizations with hierarchical structures.

What was a common characteristic of early civilizations' governance?

Governments were often headed by kings and nobles using force to compel obedience.

What were the significant innovations of early civilizations?

Advancements in agriculture, architecture (like pyramids), and technologies such as silk production and papermaking.

How did Buddhism spread beyond India?

Through trade routes to Central Asia, China, Japan, and Southeast Asia.

What was the significance of the Analects in Confucianism?

It compiled the teachings of Confucius and became foundational for Confucian thought.

What was the relationship between the environment and the development of civilizations?

Environmental changes often undermined the agricultural foundations of civilizations as populations grew.

What was the role of women in ancient Chinese society?

Varied significantly; elite women had some privileges, while lower-class women often worked outside the home.

What was the impact of the Silk Road on civilizations?

It facilitated cultural exchange and the spread of ideas, technologies, and religions.

What was the significance of the Mandate of Heaven in Chinese governance?

It justified the emperor's rule based on moral behavior; failure to uphold it could lead to loss of power.

What characterized the social mobility in ancient China compared to India?

China had more social mobility, while India's caste system restricted movement based on birth.

What were the major cultural traditions established by 1200 in Afro-Eurasia?

Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

Who is associated with the founding of Daoism?

Laozi, a 6th century BCE archivist.

What is the central concept of Daoism?

Dao, which represents the natural order of things.

How does Daoism view education and moral improvement compared to Confucianism?

Daoism views these attempts as futile, while Confucianism emphasizes their importance.

What lifestyle do Daoists advocate for?

Withdrawal from political and social life, living simply, and disregarding education.

What significant rebellion is associated with Daoism?

The Yellow Turban Rebellion (184-204 CE), which sought a utopian, anarchist world.

What are the three major Abrahamic religions?

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

What is a key belief of Judaism regarding God?

God is accessible and available to His people, emphasizing moral righteousness.

Who founded the Christian church after Jesus's ascension?

Saint Paul.

What was the perception of early Christians by Romans?

They were viewed as antagonists and exclusive for worshiping only one God.

What significant event in Christianity occurred in the early fourth century CE?

Emperor Constantine's conversion and the proclamation of Christianity as the religion of Rome in 380 CE.

What were the Silk Roads?

A trading complex that began in 200 BCE, linking China and the Mediterranean world.

What did the Sea Roads connect?

The Indian Ocean to the South China Sea, linking East Africa to southern China.

What are the Sand Roads also known as?

The trans-Saharan trade routes.

What characterized the migration patterns of early homo sapiens sapiens?

They were dominated by the search for food and resources, leading to a nomadic lifestyle.

What was a major outcome of the Neolithic Revolution?

The establishment of reliable and controllable food sources.

What are the key features of civilizations?

Food surpluses, social hierarchies, governments, culture, writing, specialization of labor, trade, and cities.

What led to the emergence of states?

Food surpluses, division of labor, and the formation of an upper class.

How were states maintained in terms of power?

Through violence and factions, or by legitimacy through religion or 'divine right'.

What is the first civilization known in history?

Mesopotamia, located in present-day Iraq.

Which civilization is known for the development of cuneiform?

The Sumerians in Mesopotamia.

What is the significance of the Code of Hammurabi?

It established rules for court procedures, property rights, and family duties, and is known for its principle of retribution or 'eye-for-an-eye' justice.

What major structure was built in the 21st century in Ur?

The Great Ziggurat of Ur.

What is Zoroastrianism?

A religion founded by Zoroaster in Ancient Persia, possibly the first monotheistic religion, emphasizing the struggle between good (Ahura Mazda) and evil (Angra Mainyo).

What is the Covenant in Hebrew Monotheism?

The promise between God and Abraham, offering protection and land in exchange for following God's path.

What are the Ten Commandments?

A set of religious and ethical principles in Hebrew Monotheism that provide a high moral code.

What is the Vedic Religion?

A polytheistic religion brought to the Indian subcontinent by Indo-Aryans, named after the four Vedas.

What social structure developed from the Vedic Religion?

The caste system, which dictated social hierarchy and occupation.

What is the Axial Age?

A period (800 - 200 BCE) marked by the emergence of major intellectual, philosophical, and religious systems that shaped societies.

Who founded Buddhism?

Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, who lived from 563 to 483 BCE.

What is the significance of the Upanishads in Hinduism?

They are a collection of texts that explore the nature of reality and immortality, dating from around 900 to 500 BCE.

What is the ultimate goal in Hinduism?

To achieve moksha, or liberation, and reunite with Brahman.

What is the relationship between the Vedic Religion and Hinduism?

The Vedic Religion, also known as Brahmanism, is the forerunner of Hinduism, blending native religions with Vedic beliefs.

What were the early Sumerian Codes?

Legal codes such as the Code of Ur-Nammu and the Code of Lipit Ishtar that predated the Code of Hammurabi.

What was the role of agriculture in the development of religious beliefs before 600 BCE?

It led to new forms of polytheism focused on nature, crops, and harvests.

What is the significance of the Diaspora in Hebrew history?

It refers to the exile of Jewish people from their homeland, which maintained their cultural and religious identity through the Covenant.

What was the social hierarchy in the caste system?

Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (warriors), Vaishyas (merchants), Shudras (laborers), and Pariahs (untouchables).

What is dualism in Zoroastrianism?

The belief in the struggle between good and evil, represented by Ahura Mazda and Angra Mainyo.

What is the significance of the Hebrew Bible (the Torah)?

It contains the first five books revealed to Moses, providing religious and legal teachings for the Jewish people.

What is the distinction between Brahmin, Brahman, and Brahma?

Brahmin refers to a caste/jati, Brahman is the creator god, and Brahma signifies a state of reality.

What is the origin of most Hindu gods?

Most Hindu gods originate from the Vedic religion, which refines the theology of Brahman.

How many gods do devotees in Hinduism choose to worship?

Devotees can choose to worship over 3 million gods.

What are the core teachings of Buddhism based on?

Buddhism is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Guatama, who sought to address human suffering.

What is the significance of the concept of moksha in Buddhism?

In Buddhism, the concept of moksha is known as nirvana, representing liberation from suffering.

What are the Four Noble Truths of Buddhism?

1. Suffering (dukkha) is universal. 2. Desire causes suffering. 3. The Eightfold Path eliminates desire. 4. The Middle Way advocates moderation.

What distinguishes Theravada Buddhism from Mahayana Buddhism?

Theravada is stricter and less focused on worship, while Mahayana is more accessible and involves more worship.

What political philosophy did the Qin Dynasty employ?

The Qin Dynasty ruled with Legalism, believing all people are corrupt and requiring harsh governance to maintain order.

What was the purpose of Confucianism during the Han Dynasty?

Confucianism aimed to prevent the chaos of the Warring States period by promoting good relationships and social order.

What are the Five Great Relationships according to Confucius?

1. Ruler → subject 2. Husband → wife 3. Father → son 4. Older brother → younger brother 5. Older friend → younger friend.

What is the significance of the Analects?

The Analects are a collection of Confucius' teachings focusing on interpersonal relationships and proper action.

What is Daoism and its primary focus?

Daoism is a religion that emphasizes following the Dao (The Way) and living in harmony with nature.

What does the concept of Ying and Yang represent?

Ying and Yang represent the balance of complementary forces in the universe.

What is the Socratic Method introduced by Socrates?

The Socratic Method involves asking a series of questions to stimulate critical thinking and illuminate ideas.

What is Plato's concept of philosopher kings?

Plato believed that the best rulers should be philosophers who understand the ideal forms of governance.

What was the Roman Republic's government structure?

The Roman Republic had 2 consuls, a senate, and other bodies, with power gradually shifting from patricians to plebeians.

What was the significance of the Law of the 12 Tables?

The Law of the 12 Tables was a Roman law code that applied equally to all citizens, unlike Hammurabi's Code.

What was the Pax Romana?

The Pax Romana, or 'Roman Peace,' was a period of stability and prosperity in the Roman Empire from 31 BCE to 180 CE.