bio unit 6

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84 Terms

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bivalvia

mollusca, clams, oysters, scallops, mussels, 2 separate shells of CaCO3, reproduce sexually, 2 larval stages; trochophore & veliger

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umbo

hinge

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veliger

second larval stage of bivalvia

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cephalopoda

mollusca, nautlilus, cuttlefish, squid, octopuses, well developed head, long tentacles derived from foot, most do not have shells, large brains & camera eyes, predators, move through fins & propulsion, radula & beak, internal sexual reproduction

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ammonites

shelled cephalopods that used to be dominant predators, vanished with dinosaurs

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nautilus

only shelled group of cephalopods today

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metamerism

segmented body plan, repeating unit of metameres

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annelida (lophotrochozoan)

segmented worms, metamerism, coelem function as hydrostatic skeleton, sexual & asexual reproduction

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chaete

hairs that extend from parapodia

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parapodia

appendages that function in motility in annelids

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polychaeta

annelid lineage that retained many chaete, mostly marine

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clitellata

annelid lineage that lost or have reduce chaete, include 2 monophyletic groups; oligochoeta (earthworms), hirudinea (leeches)

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oligochaeta

class of annelid, earthworms, deposit feeders

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sexual reproduction of worm

align with another worm, produce sperm at the same time, secretes cocoon that collects sperm & egg, moves across body of worm into soil, new worm will grow

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hirudinea

class of annelid, leeches, blood sucking parasites, ectoparasite

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hirudin

anticoagulant agent secreted by leeches

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clitellum

organ in worms that secretes cocoon for sexual reproduction

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Phylum Platyhelminthes

Flatworms, 3 tissue layers, acoelomates, gastrovascular cavity, only one opening, reproduce sexually and asexually, hermaphrodites, can self fertilize

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tubelarians

free-moving flatworms, move via cilia

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definitive host

where sexual reproduction occurs

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intermediate host

where asexual reproduction occurs

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trematodes

live as parasite in or on animals, alternate sexual and asexual stages, can mimic same proteins as host to escape immune system, insides almost completely filled by reproductive organs, release molecules that manipulate host’s immune system to tolerate parasite

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tapeworms

part of cestoda, parasites of vertebrates, lack digestive system, anterior end (scolex) has suckers to attach worm to intestinal tract of host

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proglottids

sex organs, eggs that are released in the hosts feces from tapeworms

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lophotrocozoan lineages

bivlalves, gastropods, chitons, cephalopods

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foot

muscle at base of mollusks, used for movement

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visceral mass

contains instestinal mass in mollusks

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mantle

tissue layer covering visceral mass

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lopophore

structure that rings mouth, functions in suspension feeding (found in lophotrocozoans)

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2 things required to be lophotrocozoan

lopophore or trochophore except for rotifera

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trochophore

larval stage of lophotrocozoans

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rotifera

phyla of lophotrocozoans, has pseudocoelom, feeds with corona, asexual & sexual reproduction, no lopophore or trochophore, parthenogenesis

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parthenogenesis

females produce females from unfertilized eggs (rotifera)

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mollusca

phylum of lophotrochozoans, made up of foot, visceral mass, and mantle, all contain trochophore larvae

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mantle cavity

water filled area formed by extension of mantle over visceral mass, contains gills, anus, excretory pores

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radula

rasp like structure from mouth, used to scrape food, constantly generating new teeth at one end, scrapes food from rocks

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chitons

mollusk with 8 CaCO3 plates that form protective shell, sexual reproduction, trochophore larvae

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gastropoda

mollusk with large muscular foot on ventral side, some have shells and some dont, asexual through parthenogenesis and sexual, torsion

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torsion

when visceral mass is rotated 180, causes anus & mantle to end up above head, process during embryonic development, U shaped digestive system

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  1. head can be retracted

  2. prevents sediment from getting into mantle cavity

  3. olfactory organ is in front, can sample area before entering

  4. repostion shell, better balance

torsion advantages

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lophotrochozoa growth

extend body to grow

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ecdysozoans

have to molt exoskeleton and then extend body to grow

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lophotrochozoan groups

rotifera, platyhelminthes, annelida, mollusca

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ecdysozoan groups

nematoda, tardigrada, onychophera, arthropoda

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phylum nematode

ecdysozoan, nonsegmented pseudocoelomates, covered by cuticle, complete gut, no appendages, no circulatory system, can only bend bodies back and forth (only longitudinal muscles), reproduce sexually, sexes are diecious, internal fertilization with non flagellated sperm, some parasitic

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tardigrades

microscopic animals, live in marine freshwater environment, see through little creatures with little legs, feed by sucking fluids or detritus

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onychophores

small caterpillar like worms, prey on small invertebrates, also called velvet worms

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tagmate

segmented bodies w/fused segements

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arthropods morphological features

segmented bodies, complex jointed exoskeletons made of chitin, open circulatory system, hemocoel, paired joined appendages, some with compound eyes and pair antennae

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hemocoel

body cavity that provides space for internal organs & circulation of fluids

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arthropods appendage functions

sensing environments, locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange

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sub phylum arthropods

cheliceriforms, myriapoda, hexapeda, crustacea

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cheliceriforms

body of anterior and posterior regions, anterior region lacks antennae, eyes and six pairs of appendages, contain chelicera, variety of feeding behaviors (horseshoes crabs, spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites)

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myriapoda

sexes are separate, internal fertilization, females lay eggs, simple bodies with a series of short segments

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hexapoda

body divided inot head, thorax, and abdomen, antennae present, 3 pairs of legs, usually 2 pairs of wings, terrestrial (insects, springtails)

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crustacea

body of two or three parts antennae present, chewing mouth parts, three or more pairs of legs, mostly marine and freshwater, cephalothorax, some have carapace (crabs, lobsters, crayfishes, shrimps)

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chelicerae

special feeding appendage or chelicerata

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biramous

branched appendages, feeding & locomotion

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insect characteristics

3 tagmata, one pair of antennae, compound eyes, oceli, 4 sets of mouthparts, 3 pairs of jointed walking legs, 1 or 2 pairs of wings

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  1. evolve mechanism for exchange gases

  2. avoid drying out

protostome adaptations to land

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lung in terrestrial snails

evolved from gills of aquatic snails

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tracheal system

waxy layer to minimize water loss from body surface, openings to respiratory passages that can be closed

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  1. evolution of metamorphosis

  2. egg that does not dry out on land

reproductive innovations when animals moved to land

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viviparous

embryos retained in female body, live birth

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oviparous

species that lay eggs, develop independently of mother

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ovovivoparous

egg formed in body, embryos nourished by yolk, not direct transfer of nutrients from mother

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larvae, juvenile, adult

3 life stages

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larvae

look radically different from adults, live in different habitats, eat different foods, sexually immature

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juvenile

look and behave like (mini) adults, sexually immature

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adults

reproductive stage in life cycle

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metamorphosis

change from an immature body type to an adult body type

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hemimetabolous metamorphosis

juvenile forms is nymph, look like a mini adult

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holometabolous metamorphosis

complete metamorphosis, juvenile individual is called larvae, look diff than adult

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pupa

stage where larva is remodeled into an adult

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deuterostome phyla

echinodermata, hemichordata, xenoturbellid, chordata

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echinoderm

series of branching fluid filled tubes, water vascular system, spiny skin, all marine, larvae bilaterally symmetric, adults radially symmetric (pentameric), part of bilaterians, endoskeleton

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5 major lineages of echinoderm

crinoidea, asteroidea, ophiuroidea, echinoidea, holothuroid

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water vascular system

, series of branching fluid filed tubes, chambers for hydrostatic skeleton, useful in moving and feeding, tube feet & podia

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tube feet

elongated & fluid filled structures used in movement

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podia

section of tube feet that can be extended so they can move, also used for feeding, can insert stomach to excrete digestive enzyme so that they can eat, also used in suspension feeding

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asteroidea characteristics

5 or more long arms radiating from center, center is mouth/stomach/anus, predators & scavengers, use tube feet, separate sexes, predominant sexual reproduction but can do asexaul reproduction, reproductive organs located in one or more arms

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ophiuroidea

brittle stars & basket stars, have 5 long arms radiating from center, used for suspension feeding, brittle stars use arms to whip around (swim) basket starts have bunches of tentacles

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echinoidea

sea urchins, globe shaped w spines, crawl on substrates, sand dollars & biscuits are deposit feeders, secondarily bilaterally symmetric, sexual reproduction dominates

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holothuroidea

sea cucumbers, sausage shaped, suspension feed, modified tube feet (tentacles) arranged in whorl around mouth, can expel internal organs through mouth to escape predators (evisceration)