Anatomy and Positioning: Chapter 2 and Chapter 5

What is contained in the thoracic cavity?

Pleural membranes, lungs, heart, pericardium, esophagus, trachea

What is contained in the abdominal cavity?

Peritoneum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, stomach, intestines, kidneys, uterus

How many regions are there in the abdominal cavity?

9

What is located in the superior region of the abdominal cavity?

Right hypochondrium, epigastrium, left hypochondrium

What is located in the middle region of the abdominal cavity?

Right lateral, umbilical, left lateral

What is located in the inferior region of the abdominal cavity?

Right inguinal, hypogastrium, left inguinal

What areas are affected by body habitus?

Heart, lungs, colon, diaphragm, stomach, gallbladder

What are the 4 areas and their percentages of body habitus?

Sthenic (50%)
Hyposthenic (35%)
Asthenic (10%)
Hypersthenic (5%)

What is osteology?

Study of bones

How many bones are there in your body?

206 bones

What are the 2 main groups of bones?

Axial (80 bones)
Appendicular (126 bones)

What does the axial bones support?

Head and trunk. Middle part of the body

What does the appendicular bones support?

Upper and lower extremities. Allows for movement.

What are 2 features that comprise a bone?

Compact and spongy bone

What is the compact bone?

Dense outer layer of bone

What is the spongy bone?

Inner, less dense layer. Contains speculated network of trabeculae.

What is trabeculae?

Filled with yellow and red marrow. Kind of looks like a spider web

What is the medullary cavity?

Central cavity for long bones, contains trabecular filled with yellow marrow, red marrow found in ends of long bone.

What is the endosteum?

The lining of the medullary cavity

What is the periosteum?

A tough fibrous connective tissue. Covers all bony surface except the articular surfaces (ends)

What is the articular cartilage?

Located at the end of the bones, connects the joints together.

What is ossification?

Process of bone formation (forming, developing)

When does ossification begin?

Second month of embryonic life

What are the 2 processes of bone development?

Intermembranous and endochondrial

Which process of bone development is before birth and why?

Intermembranous so that the child's head is not squashed during childbirth

What bone is formed from intermembranous ossification?

Flat bones

What bones are formed by endochondrial ossification?

Short, irregular, long bones

What are the 2 centers of development from endochondrial ossification?

Primary and secondary ossification

What is primary ossification?

Begins before birth and forms long central shaft in long bones

What is secondary ossification?

After birth when bones begin to separate and develop at both ends of long bones.

What are the ends of bones called

Epiphyses

Where are common sites of fractures in children?

At the epiphyses of the bone, because it is not fused together with the diaphysis.

What are some examples of a long bone?

Humerus and femur

What are some examples of flat bones?

Sternum and cranium

What are some examples of irregular bones?

Vertebrae and facial bones

What are some examples of a sesamoid bone?

Patella or big toe

What is arthrology?

Study of joints or articulations between bones

What are the 2 ways arthrology can be classified as?

Functional and structural

What are the 3 types of connective tissue from structural classification?

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

What are the 3 types of joints in the fibrous joints category?

Syndesmosis, suture, and gomphosis

Is a syndesmosis moveable?

only very slightly moveable, or immoveable

Suture and gomphosis are both \________&\__________ joints.

Immoveable & fibrous

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?

Symphysis and synchodrosis

What are the 6 types of synovial joints? (Free range of motion; moveable)

Gliding, hinge, pivot, ellipsoid, saddle, and ball and socket

Where can gliding joints be found in the body?

Intercarpal and intertarsal joints (hand and feet)

Where can a hinge joint be found in the body? (hinge of a door)

Elbow and knee

Where can the pivot joint be found in the body? (rotation)

atlantoaxial joint (C1-C2). rotates head back and forth

Where can the ellipsoid joint be found in the body? (circular,adduction,abduction,flexion,extension)

Radiocarpal joint (wrist)

Where can the saddle joint be found in the body?

Carpometacarpal joint between trapezium and first metacarpal. Base of the thumb

Where can the ball and socket joint be found in the body?

Hip and shoulder

What are the 4 different types of fractures?

Closed, open, nondisplaced, displaced

What is a closed fracture?

When a break in the bone does not break through the skin

What is an open fracture?

When a break in the bone breaks through the skin.

What is a nondisplaced fracture?

When the bone still remains it its normal position

What is a displaced fracture?

When the bone is out of normal alignment

What are the 8 common classifications of fractures?

compression, compound (open), simple (closed), greenstick, transverse, spiral/oblique, comminuted, and impacted

Radiographs are usually viewed in \___________________ position

anatomical (palms up)

What position are you located in when you are lying face down:
trendelenburg, fowler, recumbent, prone, supine, upright

Prone

What position are you located in when you are lying supine with the head higher than the feet:
trendelenburg, fowler, recumbent, prone, supine, upright

Fowler

What position are you located in when you are lying on your back:
trendelenburg, fowler, recumbent, prone, supine, upright

Supine

What position are you located in when you are lying supine with your head lower than your feet:
trendelenburg, fowler, recumbent, prone, supine, upright

Trendelenburg

What position are you located in when you are lying down in any position:
trendelenburg, fowler, recumbent, prone, supine, upright

Recumbent

What position are you located in when you are erect or marked by a vertical position:
trendelenburg, fowler, recumbent, prone, supine, upright

Upright

On which hand surface should the hand be rested when performing the lateral projection image of the fourth or fifth hand: lateral(radial), posterior(dorsal), medial(ulnar), anterior(palmar)

Medial (ulnar)

For the lateral projection of the wrist, how should the elbow be positioned?
fully extended, flexed 45 degrees, flexed 90 degrees

Flexed 90 degrees

How much should the wrist be rotated for the PA oblique projection?
35 degrees, 45 degrees, 25 degrees

45 degrees

How many interphalangeal joints are found in one upper extremity?
9,14,8,10

9

Which bones comprises the palm of the hand?
carpals, phalanges, metacarpals, metatarsals

Metacarpals

What bones are classified as short bones?

Carpals

A cephalad angle means that the xray tube is angled toward the head.
True or false

True

A horizontal xray beam denotes (indicates) a decubitus position.
True or false

True

The cranium is considered a flat bone.
True or false

True, the cranium and sternum are considered flat bones

What is it called when the movement of the foot is turned outward at the ankle joint.

Eversion

What is it called when the turn of the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces forward (think anatomical position)

Supinate (holding soup)

What is it called when the movement of the foot is turned inward at the ankle joint

Inversion

What is it called when the movement of a part toward the central axis of a body or body part

Adduction

What is it called when you a turning away from the regular standard or course

Deviation

Forced or excessive flexion of a body part

Hyperflexion

What is it called when turning the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces backward (think anatomical position)

Pronate

What is it called when the movement of a part is that the sagittal plane is angled so that it is not parallel with the long axis of the body

Tilt

What is it called when there is forced or excessive straightening of a joint.

Hyperextension

What is it called when there is a circular movement of a limb

Circumduction

What is it called when you are turning an axis

Rotate

What is it called when there is bending movement of a joint whereby the angle between the contiguous bones are diminished

Flexion

What is it called when you are straightening a join

Extension

What is it called when the flexion of the foot is toward the leg

Dorsiflexion

What is the sagittal plane?

divides the body into left and right

what is the coronal plane?

divides the body into front and back

what is the horizontal plane?

divides the body into a top and bottom

what is the oblique plane?

any angle

anterior

towards the front of the body

posterior

towards the back of the body

caudad

parts away from the head

superior

towards the head

inferior

towards the feet

distal

farthest from the point of attachment

proximal

closes to the point of attachment

Which of the following is the X-ray showing and why?

Sthenic

Hyposthenic

Asthenic

Hypersthenic

\

Asthenic: Long lungs, elongated heart

Which of the following is the X-ray showing and why?

Sthenic

Hyposthenic

Asthenic

Hypersthenic

Sthenic: normal, clear

Which of the following is the X-ray showing and why?

Sthenic

Hyposthenic

Asthenic

Hypersthenic

Hyposthenic: Between Sthenic and asthenic (not as narrow as sthenic), normal-ish but less clear