Studied by 1 person
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
What is contained in the thoracic cavity?
Pleural membranes, lungs, heart, pericardium, esophagus, trachea
What is contained in the abdominal cavity?
Peritoneum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, stomach, intestines, kidneys, uterus
How many regions are there in the abdominal cavity?
9
What is located in the superior region of the abdominal cavity?
Right hypochondrium, epigastrium, left hypochondrium
What is located in the middle region of the abdominal cavity?
Right lateral, umbilical, left lateral
What is located in the inferior region of the abdominal cavity?
Right inguinal, hypogastrium, left inguinal
What areas are affected by body habitus?
Heart, lungs, colon, diaphragm, stomach, gallbladder
What are the 4 areas and their percentages of body habitus?
Sthenic (50%) Hyposthenic (35%) Asthenic (10%) Hypersthenic (5%)
What is osteology?
Study of bones
How many bones are there in your body?
206 bones
What are the 2 main groups of bones?
Axial (80 bones) Appendicular (126 bones)
What does the axial bones support?
Head and trunk. Middle part of the body
What does the appendicular bones support?
Upper and lower extremities. Allows for movement.
What are 2 features that comprise a bone?
Compact and spongy bone
What is the compact bone?
Dense outer layer of bone
What is the spongy bone?
Inner, less dense layer. Contains speculated network of trabeculae.
What is trabeculae?
Filled with yellow and red marrow. Kind of looks like a spider web
What is the medullary cavity?
Central cavity for long bones, contains trabecular filled with yellow marrow, red marrow found in ends of long bone.
What is the endosteum?
The lining of the medullary cavity
What is the periosteum?
A tough fibrous connective tissue. Covers all bony surface except the articular surfaces (ends)
What is the articular cartilage?
Located at the end of the bones, connects the joints together.
What is ossification?
Process of bone formation (forming, developing)
When does ossification begin?
Second month of embryonic life
What are the 2 processes of bone development?
Intermembranous and endochondrial
Which process of bone development is before birth and why?
Intermembranous so that the child's head is not squashed during childbirth
What bone is formed from intermembranous ossification?
Flat bones
What bones are formed by endochondrial ossification?
Short, irregular, long bones
What are the 2 centers of development from endochondrial ossification?
Primary and secondary ossification
What is primary ossification?
Begins before birth and forms long central shaft in long bones
What is secondary ossification?
After birth when bones begin to separate and develop at both ends of long bones.
What are the ends of bones called
Epiphyses
Where are common sites of fractures in children?
At the epiphyses of the bone, because it is not fused together with the diaphysis.
What are some examples of a long bone?
Humerus and femur
What are some examples of flat bones?
Sternum and cranium
What are some examples of irregular bones?
Vertebrae and facial bones
What are some examples of a sesamoid bone?
Patella or big toe
What is arthrology?
Study of joints or articulations between bones
What are the 2 ways arthrology can be classified as?
Functional and structural
What are the 3 types of connective tissue from structural classification?
Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
What are the 3 types of joints in the fibrous joints category?
Syndesmosis, suture, and gomphosis
Is a syndesmosis moveable?
only very slightly moveable, or immoveable
Suture and gomphosis are both _&___ joints.
Immoveable & fibrous
What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?
Symphysis and synchodrosis
What are the 6 types of synovial joints? (Free range of motion; moveable)
Gliding, hinge, pivot, ellipsoid, saddle, and ball and socket
Where can gliding joints be found in the body?
Intercarpal and intertarsal joints (hand and feet)
Where can a hinge joint be found in the body? (hinge of a door)
Elbow and knee
Where can the pivot joint be found in the body? (rotation)
atlantoaxial joint (C1-C2). rotates head back and forth
Where can the ellipsoid joint be found in the body? (circular,adduction,abduction,flexion,extension)
Radiocarpal joint (wrist)
Where can the saddle joint be found in the body?
Carpometacarpal joint between trapezium and first metacarpal. Base of the thumb
Where can the ball and socket joint be found in the body?
Hip and shoulder
What are the 4 different types of fractures?
Closed, open, nondisplaced, displaced
What is a closed fracture?
When a break in the bone does not break through the skin
What is an open fracture?
When a break in the bone breaks through the skin.
What is a nondisplaced fracture?
When the bone still remains it its normal position
What is a displaced fracture?
When the bone is out of normal alignment
What are the 8 common classifications of fractures?
compression, compound (open), simple (closed), greenstick, transverse, spiral/oblique, comminuted, and impacted
Radiographs are usually viewed in ___________________ position
anatomical (palms up)
What position are you located in when you are lying face down: trendelenburg, fowler, recumbent, prone, supine, upright
Prone
What position are you located in when you are lying supine with the head higher than the feet: trendelenburg, fowler, recumbent, prone, supine, upright
Fowler
What position are you located in when you are lying on your back: trendelenburg, fowler, recumbent, prone, supine, upright
Supine
What position are you located in when you are lying supine with your head lower than your feet: trendelenburg, fowler, recumbent, prone, supine, upright
Trendelenburg
What position are you located in when you are lying down in any position: trendelenburg, fowler, recumbent, prone, supine, upright
Recumbent
What position are you located in when you are erect or marked by a vertical position: trendelenburg, fowler, recumbent, prone, supine, upright
Upright
On which hand surface should the hand be rested when performing the lateral projection image of the fourth or fifth hand: lateral(radial), posterior(dorsal), medial(ulnar), anterior(palmar)
Medial (ulnar)
For the lateral projection of the wrist, how should the elbow be positioned? fully extended, flexed 45 degrees, flexed 90 degrees
Flexed 90 degrees
How much should the wrist be rotated for the PA oblique projection? 35 degrees, 45 degrees, 25 degrees
45 degrees
How many interphalangeal joints are found in one upper extremity? 9,14,8,10
9
Which bones comprises the palm of the hand? carpals, phalanges, metacarpals, metatarsals
Metacarpals
What bones are classified as short bones?
Carpals
A cephalad angle means that the xray tube is angled toward the head. True or false
True
A horizontal xray beam denotes (indicates) a decubitus position. True or false
True
The cranium is considered a flat bone. True or false
True, the cranium and sternum are considered flat bones
What is it called when the movement of the foot is turned outward at the ankle joint.
Eversion
What is it called when the turn of the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces forward (think anatomical position)
Supinate (holding soup)
What is it called when the movement of the foot is turned inward at the ankle joint
Inversion
What is it called when the movement of a part toward the central axis of a body or body part
Adduction
What is it called when you a turning away from the regular standard or course
Deviation
Forced or excessive flexion of a body part
Hyperflexion
What is it called when turning the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces backward (think anatomical position)
Pronate
What is it called when the movement of a part is that the sagittal plane is angled so that it is not parallel with the long axis of the body
Tilt
What is it called when there is forced or excessive straightening of a joint.
Hyperextension
What is it called when there is a circular movement of a limb
Circumduction
What is it called when you are turning an axis
Rotate
What is it called when there is bending movement of a joint whereby the angle between the contiguous bones are diminished
Flexion
What is it called when you are straightening a join
Extension
What is it called when the flexion of the foot is toward the leg
Dorsiflexion
What is the sagittal plane?
divides the body into left and right
what is the coronal plane?
divides the body into front and back
what is the horizontal plane?
divides the body into a top and bottom
what is the oblique plane?
any angle
anterior
towards the front of the body
posterior
towards the back of the body
caudad
parts away from the head
superior
towards the head
inferior
towards the feet
distal
farthest from the point of attachment
proximal
closes to the point of attachment
Which of the following is the X-ray showing and why?
Sthenic
Hyposthenic
Asthenic
Hypersthenic
Asthenic: Long lungs, elongated heart
Which of the following is the X-ray showing and why?
Sthenic
Hyposthenic
Asthenic
Hypersthenic
Sthenic: normal, clear
Which of the following is the X-ray showing and why?
Sthenic
Hyposthenic
Asthenic
Hypersthenic
Hyposthenic: Between Sthenic and asthenic (not as narrow as sthenic), normal-ish but less clear
Note
Flashcard