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New Immigration
Immigrants arriving 1870-1914 from Southern/Eastern Europe.
Push Factors
Conditions driving emigration from home countries.
Pull Factors
Attractive conditions in destination countries for immigrants.
Chinese Exclusion Act
1882 law prohibiting Chinese laborer immigration.
Nativist Organizations
Groups opposing immigration, promoting native-born interests.
Cultural Diversity
Variety of cultural backgrounds in American society.
Economic Opportunities
Job prospects attracting immigrants to the U.S.
Political Persecution
Oppression prompting individuals to flee their countries.
Religious Discrimination
Unfair treatment based on religious beliefs.
Industrial Jobs
Employment in factories attracting immigrants to cities.
Anti-Immigrant Sentiment
Hostility towards immigrants from native-born citizens.
Assimilation Challenges
Difficulties immigrants faced integrating into American society.
Great Famine
Irish disaster causing mass emigration to the U.S.
Violent Pogroms
Attacks on Jews in Eastern Europe prompting migration.
Homestead Act of 1862
Law offering land to settlers moving west.
Segregated Enclaves
Communities where immigrants lived separately from natives.
Racial Prejudice
Discrimination based on race affecting immigrant communities.
Economic Downturns
Recessions contributing to anti-immigrant sentiments.
Legal Framework of Exclusion
Laws establishing discriminatory immigration practices.
Labor Movements
Collective efforts by workers, influenced by immigrant labor.
Melting Pot
Concept of diverse cultures blending into one.
Nativist Sentiment
Belief in prioritizing native-born citizens over immigrants.
Chinese Exclusion Act
1882 law restricting Chinese immigration to U.S.
Immigration Act of 1924
Law limiting immigration based on national origins.
Knights of Labor
First major U.S. labor union, founded in 1869.
Uriah Stephens
Founder of the Knights of Labor organization.
Terence Powderly
Leader of the Knights of Labor after Stephens.
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
Major labor strike involving railroad workers.
Haymarket Riot
1886 protest in Chicago that turned violent.
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
Labor union founded in 1886 focusing on skilled workers.
Craft Unionism
AFL's focus on organizing skilled trade workers.
Pure and Simple Unionism
AFL's approach prioritizing economic gains over politics.
Eight-Hour Workday
Labor demand for limiting work hours to eight.
People's Party (populist movement)
Political movement advocating for farmers and laborers.
Free Coinage of Silver
Policy to increase money supply and aid farmers.
Government Regulation of Railroads
Populist demand for controlling railroad prices.
Direct Election of Senators
Populist reform for electing senators by popular vote.
Progressive Income Tax
Tax system where rates increase with income.
William Jennings Bryan
3 time presedential Democratic candidate supported by the People's Party and populist leader
Radical Labor Movements
Labor groups viewed as extreme or violent.
Declining Crop Prices
Economic issue affecting farmers in the 1890s.
Haymarket Riot
Turning point in labor relations, inspiring future activism.
Pullman Strike
1894 nationwide railroad strike led by Eugene V. Debs.
American Railway Union (ARU)
Labor union that organized the Pullman Strike.
Eugene V. Debs
Leader of the Pullman Strike and labor activist.
Pullman Company
Manufacturer of luxury railroad cars involved in the strike.
Labor Day
National holiday established post-Pullman Strike to ease tensions.
Presidential Reconstruction
Lenient post-Civil War policies by Lincoln and Johnson.
Ten Percent Plan
Lincoln's plan allowing states to rejoin after 10% loyalty.
Black Codes
Laws restricting rights of freed African Americans post-Civil War.
Radical Republicans
Congress members advocating for strict Reconstruction policies.
Congressional Reconstruction
Period of strict policies protecting rights of freedmen.
14th Amendment
Granted citizenship to all born in the U.S.
15th Amendment
Guaranteed voting rights regardless of race.
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
Divided South into military districts for governance.
Ku Klux Klan
Group opposing Reconstruction and African American rights.
Compromise of 1877
Ended Reconstruction, leading to Jim Crow laws.
Jim Crow laws
State laws enforcing racial segregation post-Reconstruction.
Labor activism
Efforts by workers to improve labor conditions and rights.
Federal troops
Sent to break the Pullman Strike, escalating violence.
Vagrancy laws
Allowed arrest of unemployed Black individuals for labor.
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Legislation aimed at protecting African American rights.
Military rule
Imposed by Congress during Reconstruction to enforce policies.
Compromise of 1877
Agreement ending Reconstruction, conceding presidency to Hayes.
Sharecropping
Labor system trapping workers in debt and poverty.
Dawes Severalty Act (1887)
Law dividing tribal lands for Native American assimilation.
Rutherford B. Hayes
Republican president involved in 1876 election dispute.
Samuel J. Tilden
Democrat candidate in the 1876 presidential election.
Enforcement Acts (1870-1871)
Laws aimed at suppressing KKK violence and intimidation.
Plessy v. Ferguson
Supreme Court case upholding 'separate but equal' doctrine.
Great Migration
Movement of African Americans seeking better opportunities North.
Economic Independence
Goal of sharecropping for formerly enslaved individuals.
Political Control
Regained by Southern leaders post-Compromise of 1877.
Racial Segregation
Systemic separation of races enforced by Jim Crow laws.
Terror and Intimidation
Methods used by KKK against Black citizens.
Disenfranchisement
Denial of voting rights to African Americans.
Social Club
Initial purpose of the Ku Klux Klan.
Wealthy Landlords
Owners exploiting sharecroppers in post-Civil War South.
Cycle of Debt
Economic trap for sharecroppers due to exploitative contracts.
Federal Troops Withdrawal
Key demand of Southern Democrats in 1877 compromise.
Racial Stratification
Social hierarchy established by Jim Crow laws.
Systemic Discrimination
Legalized inequality resulting from Jim Crow laws.
Union Pacific Railroad
First transcontinental railroad, connected Omaha to Utah.
Central Pacific Railroad
Western half of transcontinental railroad, built by Chinese labor.
Social Darwinism
Applied natural selection to justify economic inequality.
Transcontinental Railroad
Connected east and west U.S. for faster transport.
Pacific Railway Act of 1862
Funded railroads with land grants and subsidies.
Native American Displacement
Loss of land and culture due to U.S. policies.
Economic Growth
Stimulated by railroads and westward expansion.
Civil War Veterans
Many employed by Union Pacific Railroad.
Chinese Immigrant Laborers
Constructed Central Pacific under harsh conditions.
Tribal Sovereignty
Recognition of Native American self-governance, eroded by Dawes Act.
Laissez-faire Capitalism
Economic system with minimal government intervention.
Racial Hierarchies
Social structure justified by Social Darwinism.
Westward Expansion
Movement of settlers into western territories.
Sierra Nevada Mountains
Challenging terrain faced by Central Pacific Railroad.
Gilded Age
Period marked by economic growth and inequality.
Economic Inequality
Disparity in wealth, justified by Social Darwinism.
American Agricultural Development
Shaped by policies like the Homestead Act.
Government Intervention
Opposed by Social Darwinism advocates.
