AP World History: Chapters 9-10

New section- AP World History: Birth of Islam and Its Expansion

AP World History: Birth of Islam and Its Expansion

What time period did the Islamic civilization thrive?

600-1600

What regions did the Islamic civilization encompass?

Parts of Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia

What was the significance of the Arabian Peninsula in the emergence of Islam?

It was inhabited by nomadic peoples and located on important trade routes.

Who were the Bedouins?

Nomadic people who herded sheep and camels in the Arabian Peninsula.

What was Mecca known for?

A cosmopolitan commercial city and site of the Kaaba, a prominent religious shrine.

What tribe controlled the Kaaba?

The Quraysh tribe.

Who was Muhammad Ibn Abdullah?

The catalyst for the birth of Islam, who received revelations from Allah.

What is the Quran?

The sacred script of Islam, containing the revelations received by Muhammad.

What was the primary message of the Quran?

Monotheism and a call to return to the pure religion of Abraham.

What are the Pillars of Islam?

Five requirements for believers including the declaration of faith, prayer, almsgiving, fasting during Ramadan, and pilgrimage to Mecca.

What does the term 'Umma' refer to in Islam?

A new and just community bound by common belief rather than by territory, tribe, or language.

What event marked the beginning of the Islamic calendar?

The hijra, Muhammad's emigration to Medina.

How did Muhammad's revelations challenge the social practices of Mecca?

They demanded social justice and sought to reform the tribal and clan structure.

What was the significance of Muhammad's entry into Mecca in 630?

He purged the Kaaba of idols and declared it a shrine to the one god.

How did the birth of Islam differ from the early history of Christianity?

Islam constituted a state and empire from the beginning, with Muhammad as a religious, political, and military leader.

What is Sharia?

Islamic law that regulates every aspect of life.

What was the role of the Quraysh tribe in the early years of Islam?

They opposed Muhammad and his teachings, leading to significant conflict.

What was the impact of trade routes on the spread of Islam?

They facilitated the rapid spread of Islam across regions from Spain to India.

What was the '6th pillar' of Islam?

Jihad, which includes both an interior struggle against selfishness and the defense of the umma.

What challenges did Muhammad face from the Jewish community?

Some Jews sided with his enemies, leading to a harsh response from Muhammad.

What was the social structure of the Umma in Medina?

Membership was based on beliefs rather than birth, with Muhammad holding all political and religious authority.

What led to the consolidation of Islamic control in Arabia?

Religious appeal, promises of material gain, and Muhammad's marriage alliances.

New section- Byzantine Christianity and Islamic Empire: Key Historical Developments

Byzantine Christianity and Islamic Empire: Key Historical Developments

What significant event occurred in 330 CE regarding the Byzantine Empire?

Roman Emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Constantinople.

What characterized the Byzantine Empire compared to the Western Roman Empire?

The Byzantine Empire was more wealthy, urbanized, and cosmopolitan.

What term describes the close relationship between the Byzantine state and the church?

Caesaropapism, where the emperor acted as both 'Caesar' and pope.

What was the primary language favored in the Byzantine Empire?

Greek.

What major theological controversy did the Byzantine Church face?

Disagreements about the nature of the Trinity and the source of the Holy Spirit.

What event in 1054 CE marked a significant division in Christianity?

The excommunication of the Eastern Orthodox Church from the Roman Catholic Church.

What was the significance of the Fourth Crusade in 1204 CE?

Crusaders seized Constantinople and ruled Byzantium for the next 50 years.

What was the role of 'Greek Fire' in the Byzantine Empire?

It helped the Byzantines defend against Islamic advances.

What was the economic significance of the Byzantine Empire in Eurasia?

It was a central player in long-distance trade, using the gold coin (bezant).

What major empire did the Islamic state engage in conflict with shortly after Muhammad's death?

The Byzantine Empire.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Talas River for the Islamic expansion?

It halted Chinese expansion into Central Asia.

What were the two main divisions within the Islamic community after Muhammad's death?

Sunni and Shia.

What did the Sunni believe regarding leadership in the Islamic community?

They believed that caliphs were rightful leaders selected by the Islamic community.

What was the Shia perspective on leadership in Islam?

They believed leadership should come from the blood relatives of Muhammad.

What was one of the major social incentives for conversion to Islam?

Social mobility and avoiding the jizya tax.

What rights were provided to women in early Islamic society according to the Quran?

Women were given control over their own property and rights of inheritance.

What was the impact of Islamic civilization on women's status over time?

Women experienced growing restrictions, becoming veiled and secluded from public life.

What was the term for the killing of a female relative for violating sexual taboos?

Honor Killing.

What was the role of the Abbasid dynasty in Islamic history?

They established a new capital in Baghdad and oversaw a period of cultural flourishing.

What was a significant consequence of the Mongol invasion in 1258?

It brought an end to the Abbasid Empire, fracturing the Islamic world into sultanates.

New section- Western Christendom: Political, Social, and Cultural Changes (424-445)

Western Christendom: Political, Social, and Cultural Changes (424-445)

What event marks the traditional date of the collapse of the Roman Empire?

476 CE

Which peoples emerged as dominant in Western Europe after the Roman collapse?

Germanic peoples including Goths, Visigoths, Franks, Lombards, Angles, and Saxons.

What major change occurred in political authority in Western Europe after 476 CE?

Large scale centralized rule vanished, leading to the rise of regional kingdoms.

Who was Charlemagne and what was significant about his rule?

Ruler of the Carolingian Empire (768-814) who standardized weights and measures and was crowned as a new Roman emperor by the pope on Christmas Day, 800 CE.

What was the Investiture Conflict?

A conflict regarding whether the Church or kings had the authority to appoint bishops, which resulted in the Church winning the right of appointment.

What social system emerged in Western Europe during this period?

Feudalism, where power was exercised by landowning lords.

How did the Roman Catholic Church influence society in Western Christendom?

It took over political, administrative, educational, and welfare functions, becoming wealthy and converting pagan peoples through a top-down strategy.

What were the main factors that accelerated change in Western Europe after 1000 CE?

Germanic invasions, Attila the Hun invasions, Muslim conquests, and Viking incursions, followed by a period of greater peace and climate change that enhanced agricultural production.

What characterized the High Middle Ages (1000-1300) in Western Europe?

Population growth led to new lands being opened for agriculture, increased long-distance trade, and urbanization.

What role did guilds play in medieval society?

Guilds were associations of people pursuing the same line of work, pushing back against the old rural social order of lord and peasant.

What was the significance of the Crusades?

A series of holy wars authorized by the pope aimed at regaining control of holy places, demonstrating European capacity for organization and leading to cross-cultural contacts.

What was the outcome of the Crusades for Western Christendom?

They expanded Western Christendom into Spain, Sicily, and the Baltic region, but had little political or religious impact in the Middle East.

What cultural changes occurred for women during the economic growth of the High Middle Ages?

Women had new opportunities in various trades, but by the 15th century, artisan opportunities declined and church restrictions increased.

What was the impact of the Crusades on European knowledge and trade?

Europeans learned about luxury goods from the East and the plantation system, which included sugar and slaves, while also experiencing cultural exchanges.

How did the geography of Western Europe affect its political unity?

Divided by mountains, forests, peninsulas, and islands, making centralized political unity difficult.

What was the relationship between church authorities and nobles in Western Christendom?

They reinforced each other, with rulers protecting the papacy for religious legitimacy.

What was the significance of the year 1204 CE in the context of the Crusades?

The sacking of Constantinople, which weakened the city for future Muslim attacks.

What was the role of the Roman Catholic Church in the conversion of pagan peoples?

The Church employed a top-down strategy involving rulers, missionaries, and the pope, accommodating earlier cultural practices.

What was the impact of climate change during the High Middle Ages?

Warmer climates enhanced agricultural production, contributing to population growth.

What was the status of serfs in the feudal system?

Serfs were bound to their master's estates as peasant laborers, receiving land and protection in return.

What was the significance of urbanization in Western Europe during the Middle Ages?

Towns and cities grew on sites of older Roman towns, leading to increased trade and social complexity.

What was the role of the pope in the crowning of Charlemagne?

The pope crowned Charlemagne as a new Roman emperor, symbolizing the alliance between the Church and the state.

What were the consequences of the Crusades on cultural barriers?

While they opened channels for trade and intellectual exchange, they also hardened cultural barriers between Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism.

How did European civilization compare to other empires during its early development?

European civilization was less developed than that of other empires, such as those in China and the Islamic world.

What was the impact of the fall of the Roman Empire on European trade?

Europeans reconnected with Eurasian trade after the fall of the Roman Empire.

What advancements in trade occurred in the 13th and 14th centuries?

Trade along the Silk Road increased significantly.

What were the key technological breakthroughs in agriculture that helped Europe catch up with other civilizations?

Key breakthroughs included the heavy wheeled plow, iron horse shoes, horse collar, and three-field crop rotation.

What non-animal sources of energy were utilized in Europe?

Windmills and water-driven mills were significant non-animal energy sources.

What military technologies did Europe adopt that influenced warfare?

Europe adopted gunpowder, cannons, and advancements in shipbuilding and navigation, including the magnetic compass, sternpost rudder, and lateen sail.

How did the political landscape of Europe differ from that of the Roman Empire?

Europe developed into a system of competing states rather than regaining the earlier unity of the Roman Empire.

What factors prevented the emergence of a single European empire?

Geographical barriers, ethnic and language differences, and shifting powers among states prevented the emergence of a single empire.

What role did frequent wars play in shaping European society?

Frequent wars enhanced the role and status of military men and contributed to a more militarized society compared to China.

How did the power dynamics among kings, warrior aristocrats, and church leaders affect urban merchants?

The three-way struggle for power allowed urban-based merchants to achieve independence from political authority.

What were the 'great three estates' represented in early European parliaments?

The three estates were the clergy, landowning nobility, and urban merchants.

What intellectual tension characterized the relationship between faith and reason in early European thought?

There was a tension between the claims of human reason and those of faith, with some Christians seeking to separate religion from the ideas of Plato and Aristotle.

What changes occurred in European intellectual life after 1000 CE?

Intellectual life changed dramatically due to rising population, commercial life, and the emergence of cities.

How did universities contribute to intellectual autonomy in Europe?

Universities became zones of intellectual autonomy, allowing students to pursue education with some freedom from religious or political authorities.

What was the significance of Aristotle in European education?

Aristotle's works became the basis for university education and dominated Western thought, especially through the application of his ideas by Thomas Aquinas.

How did the Islamic world influence European intellectual life?

Much of Arab science provided a boost to Europe's intellectual life, as Greek texts were found and studied in the Islamic world.

What was the impact of the growing emphasis on human rationality in Europe?

It laid the foundations for the late scientific revolution and the secularization of European life.

What reservations did the Byzantine Empire have about Greek learning?

The Byzantine Empire had serious reservations, closing Plato's Academy and focusing on humanities rather than natural science.