Pediatric Speech Sound Disorders: Unit Exam Chapters 1-3

morpheme

the smallest units of meaning in language

phoneme

the smallest units of sound

4 primary articulators

tongue, lips, jaw & velopharynx

diphthong

produced with an opened vocal tract and serves as the nuclei for syllables. It is a sound made by 2 combining vowels

vowels become nasal when...

they are next to a nasal consonant. (example: "man")

vowels become devoiced when

instances such as whispering

segmental vs. suprasegmental

segmental- individual distincy sounds (phonemes)

suprasegmental- larger speech features like stress, pitch, rhythm, which affect how the sounds are produced

anticipatory coarticulation

a sound is influenced by a sound that comes after.

Example: "soon"- the /s/ becomes rounded because of the upcoming /u/

retentive coarticulation

the sound is influenced by the sound that comes before it.

example: "dogs"- the /s/ sound is voiced and sounds like a /z/ because it follows the voiced consonant /g/

allophones

the variations in the pronunciation of a phoneme

velopharyngeal incompetence

air escapes through the nose during speech sounds that are usually non-nasal

English speech sounds

egressive airflow, meaning air flows from the inside to the outside

What are the pros and cons of Diary Studies?

Pros:

1. detailed

2. natural info about a child's speech

Cons:

1. biased (usually done by the parent)

2. not structured

3. not easily comparable to other kids

what are the pros and cons of Large Group Cross-Sectional studies?

Pros:

1. normal for the age

2. easy to compare kids

3. standardized tests

Cons:

1. single words (not natural speech)

2. results can depend on the region of the examiner

What are the pros and cons of longitudinal studies?

Pros:

1. shows how a child's speech can change over time

2. patterns in differences

Cons:

1. small # of kids

2. time consuming

3. might miss natural speech

canonical babbling

a stage in infant development (6-10 months) when babies produce speech-like sounds by stringing together consonant-vowel syllables in a repetitive/varied way.

It combines both reduplicated and non-reduplicated babbling. It is the first phase of speech sound acquisition.

When should a child have their 1st words?

by their 1st birthday (12 months)

true word

the word must have meaning, be used consistantly, and sound like an adult word

phonological patterns

predictable speech errors children use to make words easier to say while learning language. (deleting or substituting)

example: "poon" for "spoon" or "teef" for "teeth"

diminishing of phonological patterns

starts to go away by ages 3&4 years old

factors

1. gender

2. socioeconomic status

3. language development

phonological awareness

important as it helps the ability to recognize and work with sounds in words. It is a strong predictor of reading and spelling success.

blending

puts seperate sounds together to make a word.

example: /c/ /a/ /t/ = cat

segmentation

breaks a word ino its individual sounds.

example: dog= /d/ /o/ /g/