BINGO WORDS 15 & 4 – Heart and Circulation

Heart

A cone-shaped, muscular pump that contracts and relaxes to circulate blood; central organ of the circulatory system.

Atria

The two upper chambers of the heart that receive blood.

Ventricles

The two lower chambers of the heart that pump blood out of the heart.

Vena Cava

The vessel that transports deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart.

Pulmonary Arteries

Arteries that carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

Pulmonary Veins

Transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

Aorta

The main artery that carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart.

Capillaries

Tiny thin-walled vessels where oxygen, nutrient, and waste exchange occurs between blood and body cells.

Systemic Circulation

Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body; veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart.

Pulmonary Circulation

Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium.

Bronchial Circulation

Provides oxygenated blood to the bronchi, bronchioles, and lung tissues through bronchial arteries; bronchial veins drain mainly to the azygos vein.

Bronchial Arteries

Branches of the aorta that supply oxygenated blood to the bronchial tree and supporting lung tissues.

Bronchial Veins (Bronchopulmonary Veins)

Veins that drain bronchial circulation; most empty into the azygos vein, but some drain into pulmonary veins causing a small R→L shunt.

Right-to-Left Shunts

Blood that bypasses the pulmonary capillaries and moves directly from the right side to the left side of the heart, mixing deoxygenated and oxygenated blood.

Anatomical Shunt

A normal physiological pathway where venous blood enters arterial circulation (e.g., bronchopulmonary, pleural, and Thebesian veins).

Bronchopulmonary Veins

Bronchial veins that drain into pulmonary veins, contributing to right-to-left shunting.

Pleural Veins

Veins from the pleura that drain into pulmonary veins, adding to anatomical R→L shunt.

Thebesian Veins

Small coronary veins that drain directly into the heart chambers, adding to normal anatomical R→L shunt.

Arterial Blood

Blood that is typically 98–100% saturated with oxygen.

Venous Blood

Blood with lower oxygen saturation (60–75%).

Pericardium

A double-layered sac surrounding the heart and great vessels.

Pericardial Cavity

Space between parietal and visceral layers containing lubricating fluid to reduce friction.

Cardiac Tamponade

Life-threatening condition where fluid accumulates in the pericardial cavity, compressing the heart and decreasing cardiac output.

Tachypnea

Increased respiratory rate.

Bradypnea

Decreased Respiratory rate

Hyperpnea

More ventilation than normal (↑ RR, ↑ VT, or both).

Hypopnea

Less ventilation than normal (↓ RR, ↓ VT, or both).

Hyperventilation

Ventilation exceeds body's needs → results in hypocapnia.

Hypoventilation

Ventilation insufficient for body needs → results in hypercapnia.

Hypercapnia

Increased CO₂ levels in blood.

Hypocapnia

Decreased CO₂ levels in blood.