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major structures of urinary system

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major structures of urinary system

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

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function of urinary system

elimination of wastes/toxins, regulation of fluid and other levels/substances

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relationship with cardiovascular system

production of RBCs (EPO), regulation of BP/fluid content/electrolytes, regulation of calcium

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what wastes does the urinary system eliminate

metabolic wastes, N containing compounds (urea), hormones, drugs

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where does urea/uric acid come from

breakdown of proteins in the liver

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what electrolytes are in the blood

Na+, K+, PO4 3+

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what does calcitriol do

increase in blood Ca2+

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gluconeogenesis location

live and kidney cortex

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when does gluconeogenesis happen

during extended fasting or starvation

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what does gluconeogenesis do

produce glucose from non-carbohydrates, maintains BGL and protect the brain

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kidney location

retroperitoneal

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anterior surface of kidney covered by

parietal peritoneum

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kidney covered by

fibrous capsule, perinephric fat, renal fascia, paranephric fat

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what happens in the cortex

production of EPO and urine

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what makes up the medulla

pyramids and major/minor calyxes

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what does the medulla do

collect urine

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renal corpuscle

glomerulus and bowmans capsule

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renal tubule

proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule

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where does reabsorption happen

proximal convoluted tubule

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principal cells

bind aldosterone and ADH

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intercalated cells location

distal convoluted tubule

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type A intercalated cells

H+

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type B intercalated cells

HCO3-

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cortical nephrons

in cortex, 85%

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juxtamedullary nephrons

corticomedullary junction, 15%

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what do juxtamedullary nephrons do

salt balance, activity of ADH

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what are granular cells made of

modified smooth muscle

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what do granular cells do

produce and store renin, restore perfusion in kidneys

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where is the macula dense

distal convoluted tubule near afferent arteriole only

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what does the macula dense do

detect NaCl concentration, release renin

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what does filtration do

monitor BP and components, flow of blood in and out of kidneys, flow though nephron and other structures

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what does reabsorption do

movement of water/substances back into plasma, a balancing act from tubules

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glomerular filtration

water and solutes (no protein), pressure differences

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tubular reabsorption

into the blood, passive and active processes, pertubular capillaries and vasa recta

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tubula secretion

into urine

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filtration details

materials from the fenestrated capillaries move thru the membrane

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what does the filtration membrane block

formed elements (endothelium), large proteins (basement membrane), small proteins (slits)

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mesangial cell location

capillary loops in capsule

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what do mesangial cells release

cytokines, prostaglandins

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what do mesangial cells do

phagocytize macromolecules

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hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus

HPg

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blood colloid osmotic pressure

OPg

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capsular hydrostatic pressure

HPc

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intrinsic controls of filtration pressure

mean arterial pressure, afferent arteriole response

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extrinsic controls that adjust rate

decrease to glomerular filtration rate

ANS- decreased blood flow from afferent arteriole, mesangial cells contract

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results of extrinsic controls

decreased urine production, retain fluid, maintain BP

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small plasma proteins

insulin and angiotensin II

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transmembrane proteins

thresholds determined by # of proteins, reabsorb all nutrients

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reabsorption of glucose

active transport

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reabsorption of Na+

facilitated diffusion

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reabsorption of H2O

thru aquaporins, follows Na+

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reabsorption of ADH

independent

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reabsorption of K+

passive transport, concentration gradient set up by movement of Na+ and H2O

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where is 10-20% of K+ reabsorbed

nephron loop

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what are affected by aldosterone

collecting tubules and ducts

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effect of ADH

reabsorb H2O

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where does the exchange of water and salt occur

nephron loop, vasa recta, interstitial area

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renal plasma clearance

volume of plasma that can be cleared in a given amount of time (1 min), useful for medicine dosage

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how much of the kidney is renal failure

90%, damage to glomerulus and blood vessels

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treatments of renal failure

peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, kidney transplant

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urine composition

95% H2O and 5% solutes

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urine pH

4.5-8

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urine volume

1-2L/day

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what is specific gravity

solutes

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decrease urine volume

increase ADH and aldosterone, decrease ANP/fluid intake/BP, increase in fluid output

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increase urine volume

decrease ADH and aldosterone, increase ANP/fluid intake/BP, diabetes mellitus and diuretics

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micturition- sympathetic division of ANS

contraction of internal sphincter, inhibits detrusor muscle, storage reflex, reduce filtration in glomerulus, suppress urination

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micturition- parasympathetic division of ANS

relaxation of internal sphincter, contraction of detrusor muscle, urination

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where is the micturition center

pons

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at what mL does urination occur

500-600mL

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storage reflex

autonomic and somatic control, allows filling of bladder, detrusor muscle relaxes, internal sphincter contracts

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intracellular fluid

K+, Mg2+, PO4 3-, 60%

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extracellular fluid

Na+, Ca2+, Cl-, HCO3-, plasma and interstitial fluid, 40%

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what causes fluid movement

hydrostatic pressure, osmosis

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fluid depletion

hemorrhage, burns, vomiting, hyper secretion of aldosterone

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dehydration

profuse sweating, diabetes mellitus, hypo secretion of ADH, cold exposure

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hypotonic hydration

hyper secretion of ADH, more usually drinking excess water

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edema

changes in cardiovascular and lymphatic system, changes in net filtration pressure at capillaries

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ascites

accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity

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pericardial effusion

fluid in pericardial cavity

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pleural effusion

fluid in pleural cavity

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where is the thirst center

hypothalamus → cerebral cortex

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activation of thirst center

decreased salivary secretions, increased blood osmolarity, decreased blood volume → pressure

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what does the release of renin do

angiotensin II → signals thirst center

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