Linear and Angular Momentum Lecture Review

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering core definitions and mathematical expressions for linear momentum, conservation laws, isolated systems, angular momentum, and Keplerian orbital dynamics from the lecture.

Linear Momentum

A vector quantity equal to the mass of an object multiplied by its velocity, denoted by a lowercase $p$ ($p = m v$).

Newton's Second Law (Original Formulation)

The formulation by Newton stating that force is equal to a change in momentum divided by a change in time ($F = \frac{\Delta p}{\Delta t}$).

Isolated System

An idealized system containing a collection of particles that only undergo accelerations due to forces exerted by other particles within that same system, with no outside influences.

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation (Isolated System Context)

The law demonstrating why true isolated systems do not exist, because gravitational force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance and never equals zero.

Conservation of Linear Momentum

The principle stating that for an isolated system, the total change in momentum is always zero ($\Delta p = 0$), meaning initial momentum equals final momentum ($p_{\text{initial}} = p_{\text{final}}$).

Angular Momentum ($L$)

The conserved property of an object moving in a circular or curved path, defined as the product of the radius of the path, the object's mass, and its velocity ($L = r \times v \times m$).

Kepler's First Law of Planetary Motion

The law stating that planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun located at one of the foci.

Conservation of Angular Momentum in Planetary Orbits

The principle illustrated by $m r_1 v_1 = m r_2 v_2$, showing that as a planet's distance ($r$) from the body it orbits decreases, its velocity ($v$) must proportionally increase.