PRELIM: AI Integration

Blood

The term “hematology” derives from Greek roots meaning the study of which substance?

Plasma

Which blood component is approximately 90–92% water and serves primarily as a transport medium?

Serum is plasma minus clotting factors after coagulation

Which statement best distinguishes serum from plasma?

Erythrocytes

The cellular component responsible for oxygen transport is:

Leukocytes and Platelets

The “buffy coat” layer after centrifugation contains primarily:

Forming pores in bacterial membranes

Neutrophil defensins most directly exert their antimicrobial effect by:

Kill ingested microbes

The bleach‑like oxidants released by activated neutrophils primarily serve to:

Recruit additional immune cells

Cytokines released by neutrophils during inflammation primarily function to:

The volume percentage of packed red cells in blood

Hematocrit best refers to:

Is superficial and stable with fewer adjacent nerves

Among common antecubital sites, the median cubital vein is preferred primarily because it:

Median cephalic vein

If the median cubital vein is unsuitable, which vein is typically the next best option?

Diabetes mellitus

Veins on the leg are generally avoided for venipuncture in patients with which condition?

Femoral vein

For neonates, which site is commonly used for venous access when necessary?

Collapse on puncture

Site selection should consider the general condition of the vein since poor veins are more likely to:

Alternative sites less susceptible to chemical irritation

When infusing irritating solutions, site selection should prioritize:

Frequent site changes and more durable sites

Long‑term intravenous therapy typically requires:

22G or smaller

For safety in phlebotomy, a commonly used straight needle gauge is:

21G or smaller

Butterfly (winged‑infusion) sets for small or fragile veins often use:

Draw a predetermined volume of blood

Vacuum (evacuated) tubes are engineered primarily to:

Match specimen requirements for specific tests

A key reason to use different tube additives is to:

Between serum (top) and blood cells (bottom)

In a serum separator tube (SST), the gel barrier after centrifugation is found:

Generate erythrocytes in bone marrow

The primary function of erythropoiesis is to:

Megakaryocytes

Platelets (thrombocytes) are fragments derived from:

Patient full name, unique ID, date/time, and collector’s initials

A properly labeled blood sample must include at minimum:

Match the requisition exactly

When labeling, the identifiers on the tube must:

Sample identification and tracking

Barcoded labels in automated systems primarily improve:

The right to confidentiality and respectful care

The Patient’s Bill of Rights includes:

Sites with hematoma

Which area should be avoided for venipuncture?

Dilution or contamination of the sample

Drawing above an active IV line is discouraged primarily because of:

Follow specific procedures to minimize dilution

If blood must be drawn below an IV site, a key step is to:

15–30 degrees

The recommended angle for venipuncture needle insertion is approximately:

Trauma, pain, and hematoma risk

Excessive probing during venipuncture should be avoided to reduce:

Potential for transfer‑related hemolysis and needlestick risk

A disadvantage of needle‑and‑syringe draws compared to evacuated tubes is:

Remove the tourniquet before the needle

To prevent hematoma formation, one key measure is to:

Blood leakage into tissue and hematoma

Partial penetration of the upper wall of a vein increases the risk of: