Intro to Human Biology -- Exam #4

What are the functions of muscles?

responsible for body movement and the movement of substances in the body

What is the function of the external auditory canal, malleus, and incus.

The external auditory canal's function is to transmit sound from the pinna to the eardrum. These three bones connect the tympanic membrane to the inner ear allowing for the transmission of sound waves.

What is the action potential regarding neurons?

An action potential occurs when a neuron sends information down an axon, away from the cell body.

What is tetanus?

Tetanus is an infection caused by bacteria called Clostridium tetani. When these bacteria enter the body, they produce a toxin that causes painful muscle contractions.

What is the difference between fast and slow twitch cells?

slow-twitch cells: contract slowly with great endurance, abundant with mitochondria

fast-twitch cells: contract rapidly and powerfully but with less endurance

What is acetylcholine?

important neurotransmitter that plays a role in brain functions, such as memory, and body functions, such as muscle contractions to move your muscles.

What is multiple sclerosis?

A disease in which the immune system eats away at the protective covering of nerves.

What is the sclera and choroid?

sclera is the white of the eye and the choroid supplies nutrients and oxygen to the eye

What is sensory adaptation?

with continued stimulation

What cells form new bone tissue?

Osteoblasts

What is the effective of serotonin on the brain?

Serotonin in your brain regulates your mood. It's often called your body's natural “feel good” chemical. When serotonin is at normal levels, you feel more focused, emotionally stable, happier and calmer. Low levels of serotonin are associated with depression.

What ion does the sarcoplasmic reticulum store?

Calcium ions

What defective neurons can cause a wasting of the muscle tissue?

loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord and causes weakness and wasting of the skeletal muscles.

What part of the brain controls breathing and heart rate?

medulla

What part of the retina contains the photoreceptors?

fovea

What part of the brain is involved in taste?

frontal lobe

What tissue covers compact bone?

periosteum, a membrane

Why do women suffer from osteoporosis more significantly than men?

Women are more at risk of developing osteoporosis than men because the hormone changes that happen at the menopause directly affect bone density. The female hormone oestrogen is essential for healthy bones. After the menopause, oestrogen levels fall.

What prolonged dB can cause hearing loss?

long or repeated exposure to sounds at or above 85 dBA can cause hearing loss.

What behaviors can lead to a stroke or a headache?

The chances for stroke can increase even more when heredity combines with unhealthy lifestyle choices, such as smoking cigarettes and eating an unhealthy diet.

What hormone causes a release of calcium into the bloodstream?

parathyroid hormone

What type of mechanoreceptors is found in the lips, nipples, and fingertips?

Meissner's corpuscles

That type neurons are affected by leprosy?

sensory, motor and autonomic nerves

What type of muscle is involved in voluntary movement?

Skeletal muscle

What part of the brain is involved in responding to a sudden situation?

amygdala

That structure of the eye allows for seeing color?

cones

What are the special senses?

vision, hearing, taste, and smell.

What is the name of a muscle structure involved in contraction that looks like a golf club?

myosin filament

Know the various lobes of the brain and what they are responsible for in general?

The frontal lobe is involved in reasoning, motor control, emotion, and language. The parietal lobe is vital for sensory perception and integration, including the management of taste, hearing, sight, touch, and smell. The occipital lobes sit at the back of the head and are responsible for visual perception, including colour, form and motion. The temporal lobes sit behind the ears and are the second largest lobe. They are most commonly associated with processing auditory information and with the encoding of memory.

What is the function of the dendrites?

The main function of dendrites is to receive information from other neurons, called pre-synaptic neurons, or from the environment.

Know the names and functions of the various receptors

mechanoreceptors: response for sensations as touch, pressure, hearing, and equilibrium.

thermoreceptors: changes in temp

photoreceptors: changes in light intensity

chemoreceptors: respond to chemicals, taste, smell, and levels of specific substances

pain receptors: responds to strong stimuli

What are the two divisions of the nervous system?

Peripheral and Central nervous systems

Know the difference between the ball and socket joint and hinge joint.

Ball-and-socket joints, such as the shoulder and hip joints, allow backward, forward, sideways, and rotating movements. Hinge joints, such as in the fingers, knees, elbows, and toes, allow only bending and straightening movements

What can cause tendinitis?

Tendinitis can occur as a result of injury or overuse

What part of the brain is responsible for balance?

Cerebellum

What is oxygen debt in humans?

a temporary oxygen shortage in the body tissues arising from exercise is called oxygen debt. In details, Oxygen debt is the oxygen required (after vigorous exercise, using up the oxygen faster than it can be breathed in) to oxidize lactic acid, created from anaerobic cellular respiration.

The number of bones in a newborn exceeds the bone number in adults. Why?

As your baby grows into childhood, much of that cartilage will be replaced by actual bone. But something else happens, which explains why 300 bones at birth become 206 bones by adulthood. Many of your baby's bones will fuse together, which means the actual number of bones will decrease.

What is neurotransmitter?

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers

What is the term used when your brain correctly identifies a picture or image?

recognition

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

body support, facilitation of movement, protection of internal organs, storage of minerals and fat, and blood cell formation.

Where are red blood cells produced?

red bone marrow

What part of the brain is responsible for memory?

hippocampus/temporal lobe

What is a motor neuron?

Motor neurons are a specialized type of brain cell called neurons located within the spinal cord and the brain.

What is myasthenia gravis?

The condition is caused by a breakdown in communication between nerves and muscles.

What is the myelin sheath?

an insulating layer, or sheath that forms around nerves, including those in the brain and spinal cord, allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells.

What is referred to as the blind spot and why?

a spot in the retina where the optic nerve connects. In this area, there are no light sensitive cells, so this part of your retina cannot see. We call this the blind spot.

Regarding muscles, what is meant by synergistic and antagonistic?

The muscle primarily responsible for a movement is called the prime mover, and muscles that assist in this action are called synergists. A synergist that makes the insertion site more stable is called a fixator. Meanwhile, a muscle with the opposite action of the prime mover is called an antagonist.

What are carpels and where are they located?

The carpal bones are the eight small bones that make up the wrist (carpus) that connects the hand to the forearm.

What is the cerebral spinal fluid and why is it important?

assists the brain by providing protection, nourishment, and waste removal.