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1. What are the 8 major characteristics of living things? Be able to describe each one.
Reproduction
Adaptation
Response
Energy
Homeostasis
Organization
Growth and development
Genetic code
What are the 12 emergent properties?
Atom molecule organelles cells tissues organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, biospheres
[AMO
[Cells, cell tissue
[ORgans, organ systems, organisms
[pop, comm, eco, bio
What is the difference between atomic number and atomic mass?
What is the difference between atomic number and atomic mass?
Atomic number is # of protons. (it’s atomic mass - neutrons)
Atomic mass is how much is weighs in atomic units (which is protons + neutrons)
Contrast isotopes, ions, and atoms.
Isotopes have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
AToms have same number of protons and electrons
Ions do not have the same number of protons and electrons.
What is hydrogen bonding? How does hydrogen bonding differ from ionic and covalent bonding?
Ionic: positive and negative attracted to each other. Covalent: equally sharing an electron.
Hydrogen: an attraction between two atoms that already participate in other chemical bonds. One of the atoms is hydrogen, while the other may be any electronegative atom, such as oxygen, chlorine, or fluorine. Hydrogen bonds may form between atoms within a molecule or between two separate molecules.
In a covalent bond, two atoms share one or more electrons. Water is a polar molecule. A hydrogen bond is a relatively weak bond between two oppositely partially charged sides of two or more molecules. In an ionic bond, an atom gives away one or more electrons to another atom.
What are the 6 main properties of water?
Water is polar
Water is a good solvent
High specific heat property
High heat of vaporization (= lots of hear is absorbed when water evapoerates = sweating is effective)
Cohesion and adhesion
Less dense as a solid than a liquid = ice is less dense than water = ice floats.
PSHVCASL
Photosynthesis Sparks: Harmony of Vibrant Cellular Activity & Structural Life
What does the structural formula for glucose look like?
just know that it looks like a hexagon.
How does fructose differ from glucose?
they are connected a little differently.
What is the difference bewteen a reactant and a substrate?
Substrate = reactant
Reactant - any participant in a chemical reaction (including enzymes)
Substrate is acted upon by the enzyme
How does temp, pH, and salinity affect enzymes?
How do extremes in environmental conditions such as temperature, pH, and salinity affect enzymes?
Lower temperature = stuff doesn't move fast enough for enzymes to catalyze
Higher temperature = denature
pH both sides= denature
denaturing is when the enzyme becomes deformed so that the substrate no longer fits the active site.
Enzymes are less effective when salinity increases. Salinity can denature an enzyme, a substrate, or both; it can interfere with the active site bonding; it can do a combo
either side gets denatured when there’s bad slalinity
What are the 3 parts of the cell theory?
Cell theory
1 - the cell is the basic unit of life (all living things are made of cells)
2 - the smallest living thing is one cell big
3 - cells only come from preexisting cells
BSP (basic unit, smallest unit, prexisting)
basic science pulse
What other materials are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer, and what are their functions?
Channel proteins and carrier proteins and pumps, so a lot of proteins are the things embedded
What are the four steps of the kidney?
filtration
reabsorprtion
secretion
excretion.
How do levels of carbon dioxide in the blood affect the rate of breathing?
More carbon dioxide in the blood makes you breathe faster by lowering blood pH (respiratory center in the base of the brain stem).
Why: serves two purposes
need to be getting in more oxygen as we increase activity: gets rid of excess coq2, allows cells to get enough oxygen
Explain how carbon dioxide is transported throughout the body
It is dissolved into carbonic acid in the blood. into plasma.
It leaves through the alveoli in the lungs.
What’s the diff between how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blod?
oxygen: transporated by red blococ cells and hemobglobin
co2: dissolved into the bloodstream (carbonic acid)
(!)What are the destinations of the following vessels: aorta, inferior and superior vena cava, pulmonary veins, pulmonary arteries?
Aorta: delivering to body
Superor/inferior vena cava: to the heart
Pulmonary veins: to the heart (orich?)
Pulmonary arteries: from the heart (opoor?)
What is a structure of a mitochondrion?
Two membranes: matrix and then inside the inner membrane
6. (!)Do plants have mitochondria; do plants do cellular respiration? Explain why or why not.
Plants have mitochondria to produce atp
Plants do cellular respiration to produce atp
What is the purpose of fermentation?
It’s to keep glycolysis (the first part of cellular respiration)
What are autotrophs vs heterotrophs?
Heteroptroph - needs to eat even if they dont have a mouth (have to take thei food energy frmo outside of them):
Autotroph can use energy from the environment to make their own food (plants)
What is the structure of a chloroplast?
All you have to know is that it has a thylakoid which conducts the light dependent reactions to get atp and nadph. the thylakoid are stacked like pancakes.
What is made by the calvin cycle and where does it take place?
Takes place in the stroma.
calvin cycle makes glucose (light independent reactions)
In the juice outside of the thylakoid called the stroma.
What are two different things plants might do with the glucose they make from phhotosyntehsis?
They can do cellular respiration
OR use it to make cellulose for cell wall
What is a stroma?
the liquid outside of the cell where the calvin cycle has.
Why do plants do cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration makes a ton of ATP and plants still need ARTP. They only make a little ATP frmo the photosynthesis but the little bit that they make is not enough.
Difference between turgid and bursting?
Plants become turgid bc they cant pop: they have the cell wall
Animal cells just burst bc there’s nothing to prevent them
What actually is a lysosome?
Lysosome is an organelle that contains hydrolytic enzymes to break things donw.
What are the characteristics of fungi cells that you need to know?
They have a cell wall made of chitin polysaccharies and they are heterotrophs.
What is The structure in the nucleus which manufactures ribosomes for protein synthesis
the nucleolus
What is the system of channels that modifies, sorts and transports proteins through the cells
rough endoplasmic reticulum
What Contains chemicals and enzymes necessary for digesting certain materials in the cell?
Lysosomes
What is an Organelle that collects, modifies, and packages chemicals made at one location in a cell and secretes finished products to be used ant another cellular local
golgi apparatus
Why does ice float in liquid water
hydrogen bonds stabilize-crystalize and keep the molecules of ice farther apart than the water molecules of liquid water, making it less dense than liquid wter.
1991 - scientists discovered mold growing in the radioactive remains of Chernobyl. Lab tests of the mold reveal that htey grow better in the presence of radiation than without it. These organisms are demonstrating the ability to
Obtain and use energy
