Bio203 skeleton system and bone ossification Exam2

Cranial bones (8)

parietal, occipital, temporal(+mastoid process), ethmoid, sphenoid (2), frontal

Facial bones (14)

palatine (2), lacrimal (2), nasal (2), vomer, inferior nasal conchae (2), zygomatic (2), maxilla (2), mandible

fossa

shallow depression

fissure

slit in bone for nerves and vessels

foramen

hole in bone for nerves and vessels

canal

a tunnel-like passageway for long nerves like the optic nerve

sinus

and air filled cavity (lined with mucus) that allows the skull to be lighter in weight, provides resonance for voice, and produces mucus for protection

process

a bony protrusion of another bone

markings of the cranial bones

frontal sinus, sphenoid sinus, ethmoid sinus, optical canal, supraorbital foramen, infraorbital foramen, superior orbital fissure, inferior orbital fissure, mastoid process,

markings of facial bones

maxilla sinus, mental foramen

optical canal

located at the inner eye socket, where the optical nerve passes from the brain, through the skull, and to the eye

infraorbital and supraorbital foramen

holes for nerves around the eye, located above and below the eye socket, someone medial

inferior and superior orbital fissure

slits below the optical canal, for more blood vessels and nerves to the eye.

frontal sinus

top of the forehead, located in the frontal bone

ethmoid sinus

on either sides of the upper nose, part of the ethmoid bone

sphenoid sinus

at the temples, located at the sphenoid bone

sphenoid bone

anterior and lateral to the temporal bone

ethmoid bone

medial, upper nose and eye area

mastoid process

bony protrusion at the jaw, coming from the temporal bone

palatine

outer upper nose bridge

lacrimal

more medial, where tear ducts are

nasal

upper nose between the eye sockets

vomer

flat, bony triangle of the lower portion of the nose, lies beneath the septum

inferior nasal conchae

either sides of the vomer (nostrils), keeps in warmth

maxilla

upper jaw, cheek area, below the ethmoid bone

zygomatic

upper cheekbone

mandible

low jaw, only bone that can move in the facial bones.

maxillary sinus

sinus below the eyes, towards the nose

mental foramen

hole in the mandible bone, on the chin area, feeds nerves for jaw and lower lip sensation.

cranial fossas

anterior, middle, and posterior depressions to protect the brain

vertebral bones

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

cervical vertebrae

7 vertebrae, near the neck, shape is small but the vertebral foramen is wide

thoracic vertebrae

12 vertebrae, shape is taller and more branched processes

lumbar vertebrae

5 vertebrae, shape is the biggest, smallest foramen

saccrum

reaches down to the pelvic bones, triangular shape for support and center of gravity

coccyx

4 fused vertebrae forming the tailbone, flexible

vertebrae structure

body, vertebral foramen, pedicle (connects body to processes), transverse process, spinous process, superior/inferior articular process

thoracic cage

ribs, sternum, clavicles

true ribs

first 7 ribs, attached to thoracic vertebrae and sternum

false ribs

next 3 ribs

floating ribs

last 2 ribs, not attached to the sternum in the front

sternum

xiphoid process, body, manubrium

appendicular skeleton

pectoral girdle, arms, hands pelvis, pelvic girdle, legs, feet

clavicle

two collar bones

scapula

where the appendicular meets axial, flat, contains grooves for the clavicles and humerus to attach, contains the acromion process (peak of shoulder)

pectoral girdle

clavicles and scapulas

humerus

upper arm

radius

shorter forearm bone

ulna

longer forearm bone

carpal bones

short wrist bones

metacarpals

short bones, middle of the hand (palm) bones

phalanges

long finger bones

pelvic girdle

ilium, ischium, pubis (everything but the sacrum and coccyx)

ilium

hip bones, contains iliac crest at the peak

anterior superior and inferior iliac spine

lower bumps where ligaments attach

pubis

middle arch that forms the pelvic cavity, attached by pubic symphysis

pubic symphysis

fibrocartilage attaching the pubic bones

ischium

lower arches inferior to the pubis

intervertebral disc

fibrocartilage between adjacent vertebrae

pelvis

the whole pelvic girdle and the sacrum coccyx

female pelvis

shorter and wider size, pelvic cavity is wider, pubic arch is about 90 degrees, lower iliac crest

pubic arch

angle formed between the two ischium

male pelvis

taller and narrower, pubic arch is 70-80 degrees

male center of gravity

lumbar vertebrae

female center of gravity

lower sacrum

leg bones

femur, patella, tibia, fibula

quadriceps angle

angle formed from the iliac crest at the pubic bone to the patella, and from tibia to patella

femur

thigh

tibia

larger inner bone below the knee

fibula

smaller outer bone below the knee

patella

kneecap bone protecting knee joint

feet bones

phalanges, metatarsals, tarsals, talus, calceneous

foot phalanges

toe bones

metatarsals

middle of the upper foot

tarsals

top of foot bones

talus

ankle

calcaneus

heel

body of sternum

where true and false ribs attach to on its hyaline cartilage

manubrium

attaches pectoral girdle to the thoracic bones

hyaline cartilage

glossy, collagen II fibers, part of the sternum

fibrocartilage

thick collagen I fibers, part of the pelvic symphysis and invertebral discs

elastic cartilage

ear, epiglottis

Mesenchymal cells

from Mesenchymestem, cells found in the embryo that eventually become osteoblasts

pre-osteoblasts

immature bone cells

osteoblasts

bone cells the produce the bone matrix

bone matrix components

collagen I fibers, hydroxyapatite, osteocytes

Hydroxyapatite

mineralized calcium and phosphate

osteoid

located at bone surface, unmineralized bone matrix made of proteoglycans and collagen I

osteocytes

mature osteocytes that have been buried in its bone matrix

osteoclasts

located at bone surface, bone cells that break down bone tissues, dig tunnels to allow new osteoblasts in for new formation

endosteal cells

former inactive osteoblasts lining the bone surface

MMPs

degrades bone matrix

LOX

cross-links collagen I in the bone matrix, gives the lamella and trabeculae its structure

Osteon

a unit of compact bone with osteocytes, Harvesian canals, Lamellae, and lancunae

harversian canals

canal at the center of osteons for blood vessels to reach osteocytes

lamallae

concentric rings of bone matrix around the harversian canal, where osteocytes are scattered throughout, making up one osteon

lacunae

the little spaces where osteocytes are

intramembranous ossification

Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts, osteoblasts produce matrix (mineralized hydroxyapatite and collagen) and osteoid, osteoid calcifies into trabeculae spongy bone, becomes compact

trabeculae

lamellae in the form of woven crossed structure

endochondral ossification

Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondroblasts, chondroblasts produce hyaline cartilage template,