BSCI Exam 4

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35 Terms

1

Nucleotides

What DNA is made of (DNA is a polynucleotide)

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2

Pyrimidines

type of base in DNA, one ring structure, C and T

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3

Purines

type of base in DNA, two ring structure, A and G

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4

Base Paring

A:T and C:G (Purine: Pyrimidine)

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5

3’ end of DNA

OH

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6

5’ end of DNA

PO4

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7

Step 1 of DNA Replication

Unwind the Double Helix (helicase , breaking hydrogen bonds)

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8

Step 2 of DNA Replication

Make new strands (DNA polymerase enzyme, makes phosphodiester bond)

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9

Origin of Replication

Where replication starts, Eukaryotes - many origins, Prokaryotes - one origin

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10

Helicase

Unwinds helix at the end of the replication forks

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11

Single-strand binding protein

Binds to and stabilizes single-stranded DNA until used as template (lots of little proteins on the edge of the bubble)

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12

Topoisomerase

Relieves over winding the strand, in front of the helicase

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13

Primase

makes an RNA primer at 5’ end (for DNA replication)

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14

DNA Polymerase 3

makes a new DNA strand by adding nucleotides to 3’ end of RNA primer

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15

DNA Polymerase 1

replaces RNA primer from 5’ end to DNA

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16

DNA Ligase

puts together DNA fragments by adding a phosphodiester bond

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17

Leading strand

3’ end towards the fork

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18

Lagging Strand

3’ end away from the fork, fragments

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19

Transcription

the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA

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20

Initiation Site

+1, where transcription begins, the 5’ end of the RNA

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21

Transcribed Region

Where the template dna provides info for rna downstream (+)

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22

Promoter

Where the RNA polymerase binds to, upstream (-)

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23

RNA polymerase

makes rna starting at +1, unwinds DNA and assembles RNA nucleotides

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24

Terminator

Where the rna polymerase stops, 3’ end of rna

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25

Basal transcription factors

bind to the promoter to recruit RNA polymerase, with their
presence or absence acting as an on/off switch for transcription. (Only in eukaryotes)

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26

Enhancers

greatly increase transcription when bound
by transcriptional activators

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27

Initiation

first phase of transcription - RNA polymerase interacts with the promoter at the TATA box to establish a
transcription complex. RNA polymerase can directly interact with the promoter in prokaryotes, but requires basal transcription factors in eukaryotes

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28

Elongation

2nd phase of transcription - the RNA polymerase extends the new RNA by adding to the 3' end

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29

Termination

the final phase of transcription where RNA polymerase detaches from the DNA, releasing the newly synthesized RNA molecule.

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30

mRNA

has 5’ end cap (Gppp) and 3’ poly a tail

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31

Splicing

removes introns and keep exons for coding in trasncription

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