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Nucleotides
What DNA is made of (DNA is a polynucleotide)
Pyrimidines
type of base in DNA, one ring structure, C and T
Purines
type of base in DNA, two ring structure, A and G
Base Paring
A:T and C:G (Purine: Pyrimidine)
3’ end of DNA
OH
5’ end of DNA
PO4
Step 1 of DNA Replication
Unwind the Double Helix (helicase , breaking hydrogen bonds)
Step 2 of DNA Replication
Make new strands (DNA polymerase enzyme, makes phosphodiester bond)
Origin of Replication
Where replication starts, Eukaryotes - many origins, Prokaryotes - one origin
Helicase
Unwinds helix at the end of the replication forks
Single-strand binding protein
Binds to and stabilizes single-stranded DNA until used as template (lots of little proteins on the edge of the bubble)
Topoisomerase
Relieves over winding the strand, in front of the helicase
Primase
makes an RNA primer at 5’ end (for DNA replication)
DNA Polymerase 3
makes a new DNA strand by adding nucleotides to 3’ end of RNA primer
DNA Polymerase 1
replaces RNA primer from 5’ end to DNA
DNA Ligase
puts together DNA fragments by adding a phosphodiester bond
Leading strand
3’ end towards the fork
Lagging Strand
3’ end away from the fork, fragments
Transcription
the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA
Initiation Site
+1, where transcription begins, the 5’ end of the RNA
Transcribed Region
Where the template dna provides info for rna downstream (+)
Promoter
Where the RNA polymerase binds to, upstream (-)
RNA polymerase
makes rna starting at +1, unwinds DNA and assembles RNA nucleotides
Terminator
Where the rna polymerase stops, 3’ end of rna
Basal transcription factors
bind to the promoter to recruit RNA polymerase, with their
presence or absence acting as an on/off switch for transcription. (Only in eukaryotes)
Enhancers
greatly increase transcription when bound
by transcriptional activators
Initiation
first phase of transcription - RNA polymerase interacts with the promoter at the TATA box to establish a
transcription complex. RNA polymerase can directly interact with the promoter in prokaryotes, but requires basal transcription factors in eukaryotes
Elongation
2nd phase of transcription - the RNA polymerase extends the new RNA by adding to the 3' end
Termination
the final phase of transcription where RNA polymerase detaches from the DNA, releasing the newly synthesized RNA molecule.
mRNA
has 5’ end cap (Gppp) and 3’ poly a tail
Splicing
removes introns and keep exons for coding in trasncription