Good luck on AP psych mi amor <3

Aaron Beck

Created the popular cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

Albert Ellis

An early pioneer of cognitive therapy who created rational-emotive behavioral therapy

Sigmund Freud

the founder of psychoanalytic therapy, the first “talking cure”

Mary Cover Jones

one of the first people to apply classical conditioning techniques to psychological treatment; successfully treated a child’s rabbit phobia by pairing rabbits with a positive stimulus

Carl Rogers

creator of client-centered therapy, the most popular humanistic psychotherapy

B.F. Skinner

 a behaviorist who believed that application of learning principles could help patients improve their functioning

Joseph Wolpe

created systematic desensitization, now used to treat phobias

Psychodynamic

Emphasizes behavior is determined by your past experiences that are left in the **unconscious mind** and **childhood experiences**

Cognitive

Focuses on internal **processes of the mind** influencing behavior

Biological

The influence of genetics and brain chemistry (**physical**  & **biological** processes)

Behavioral

Focus on **observable behaviors**, people/ animals are controlled by their **environment**, positive/negative **consequences**

Humanistic

Human capacity for **choice** and **growth**, motivation for people to fulfill their **potential**

Abnormal Behavior

maladaptive actions or cognitive processes that defy social norms

**Deinstitutionalization**  

late twentieth-century movement to release large numbers of asylum patients and reintegrate them into their communities

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

 the diagnostic tool published by the American Psychiatric Association, used to categorize and diagnose psychological disorders

Psychologist

can’t prescribe meds, supports people through psychotherapy

Psychiatrist

can prescribe meds, identify disorders/diagnose, generally works inside hospitals

**Medical Model**

maintains that abnormal behaviors are symptoms of an underlying disease

Psychoanalytic Model

\
**maintains that abnormal behaviors are caused by repressed memories of childhood trauma and unconscious conflicts**

Humanistic Model

views psychological disorders as temporary impediments to self-actualization that result from unsatisfied needs

Cognitive Model

that abnormal behaviors result from faulty beliefs and maladaptive emotional responses

Biological Model

maintains that psychological disorders result from imbalances in brain chemistry and other biological causes, including heredity and evolution

Sociocultural Model

maintains that psychological disorders are culturally specific and caused by a variety of social and cultural factors

Behavioral Model

maintains that abnormal behaviors are the products of learning, just like any other behaviors

Currently, in the DSM-5, abnormal behavior is generally defined as…

Deviant, Distressing, Dysfunctional, Dangerous

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Experience excessive anxiety under most circumstances and worry about practically anything

Panic Disorder

Anxiety disorder marked by recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks

Specific Phobia

Intense, irrational fear responses to specific stimuli

Agoraphobia

 Afraid to be in public situations from which escape might be difficult or help unavailable if panic-like or embarrassing symptoms were to occur

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Compound disorder of thought and behavior

Obsessions

 are persistent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts that an individual cannot get out of his or her mind

Compulsions

are ritualistic behaviors performed repeatedly

**Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)**

 Result of some trauma experienced by the victim. Victims re-experience the traumatic event in nightmares about the event, or flashbacks in which they relieve the event

**Bipolar Disorder**

Mood swings alternating between periods of major depression and mania

**Major Depressive Disorder**

Involves intense depressed mood, reduced interest or pleasure in activities, loss of energy, and problems in making decisions for a minimum of 2 weeks

Paranoid Personality Disorder “Accusatory”

Pattern of distrust and suspiciousness about other people’s motives, individual thinks that others are out to threaten, betray, exploit, or harm

Schizoid Personality Disorder “Aloof”

Characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion

Schizotypal Personality Disorder “Awkward”

Characterized by extreme discomfort in close relationships, very odd patterns of thinking and perceiving, and behavioral eccentricities

Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)

Characterized by a general pattern of disregard for and violation of other people’s rights (closely linked to criminal behavior)

Borderline Personality Disorder

 Characterized by repeated instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood and by impulsive behavior

Histrionic Personality Disorder

 Characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality (dramatic) and attention seeking

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Characterized by a broad pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation/potential rejection, humanilitation

Dependent Personality Disorder

Characterized by a pattern of clinging and obedience, fear of separation, and an ongoing need to be taken care of

Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder

Characterized by an intense focus on orderliness, perfectionism, and control that the person loses flexibility, openness, and efficiency

**Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)**

Disorder marked by the inability to focus attention, or overactive and impulsive behavior, or both

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Disorder marked by extreme unresponsiveness to others, severe communication deficits, and highly repetitive and rigid behaviors, interests, and activities

Intellectual Disability (ID)

Disorder marked by intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior that are well below average

Alzheimer’s Disease

Fatal degenerative disease in which brain neurons progressively die, characterized by loss of memory, reasoning, emotion, and control of bodily functions

Anorexia Nervosa (Anorexia)

Life-threatening eating disorder that involves intense fear of weight gain or becoming overweight, distorted perception of one’s weight/body shape, persistent restriction of caloric intake

**Body dysmorphia**

increasing cognitive misperception of being overweight despite evidence to the contrary

Binge Eating Disorder

Uncontrollably eating a large amount of food in a short period of time; after a bingeing episode a person will not purge and will feel an extreme sense of guilt

**Bulimia Nervosa (Bulimia)**

Recurrent binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors for the intake of food, such as purging

Somatic Symptom Disorder (SDD) 

Characterized by physical symptoms including pain, and high anxiety in these individuals about having a disease

Illness Anxiety Disorder (IAD)

 Characterized by a preoccupation with a serious medical or health condition with either no or mild physical (somatic) symptoms such as nausea or dizziness that has persisted for 6 months

Conversion Disorder 

Characterized by loss of some bodily function without physical damage to the affected organs or their neural connections

Dissociative Amnesia

 Loss of memory for a traumatic event or period of time that is too painful for an individual to remember

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

Rare mental disorder characterized by at least two distinct and relatively enduring identities or dissociated personality states that recurrently control a person’s behavior

Schizophrenia

 Psychotic disorder in which personal, social, and occupational functioning deteriorate as a result of unusual perceptions, odd thoughts, disturbed emotions, and motor abnormalities

**Dopamine Hypothesis**  

High fluctuation of levels of dopamine can be responsible for schizophrenic symptoms

**Diagnostic Labels**

 the categories of disorders recognized by the DSM, used to diagnose patients

**Rosenhan Experiment**

Experiment underscoring the way that diagnostic labels can bias people’s perceptions of patients; hospital staff did not recognize that pseudopatients with a diagnosis of mental illness were in fact health

Confidentiality

 the obligation not to disclose particular kinds of information, including mental health information, except in limited cases, Mandated in the U.S. by HIPAA

insanity

immunity from legal responsibility due to an inability to tell the difference between right and wrong; a legal category, not a psychiatric one

Psychotherapy

an ongoing relationship between a patient and a therapist, in which the two discuss the patient’s experiences and symptoms

Pharmacological Treatment

when a mental health professional prescribes a drug for a patient to alleviate psychological distress

Flooding

 Exposing people to fear-invoking objects or situations intensely and rapidly

Systematic Desensitization

Developed by Joseph Wolpe, a client makes a list of fears and then learns to relax while concentrating on these fears

Aversion Therapy

 Pairing an undesirable behavior with an aversive stimulus in the hope that the unwanted behavior will eventually be reduced

Token Economy

Behavioral strategy relies on reinforcement to modify behavior. Clients are allowed to earn tokens that can be exchanged for special privileges or desired items

Biofeedback

 Mind-body technique that involves using visual or auditory feedback to gain control over involuntary bodily functions

Gestalt Therapy

a humanistic therapy that maintains that psychological distress occurs when patients focus on what could be, rather than on the present moment; developed by Fritz Perls

Cognitive Distortions

automatic and irrational perceptions of the world that contribute to feelings of anxiety or depression

Core Belief

a deeply held belief that guides an individual’s thoughts

Cognitive Restructuring

a cognitive therapy technique that requires patients to challenge irrational beliefs and replace them with more realistic ones

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapists

Human emotions and behavior are predominantly generated by ideas, beliefs, attitudes and thinking

Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

Developed in 1950s by Albert Ellis, psychological problems arise when thoughts are irrational and lead to behavioral consequences that are distressful

**Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Therapy**

 Researched by Aaron Beck, based on the idea that how we think (cognition), how we feel (emotion) and how we act (behavior) all interact together

Mindfulness

 strategies to cultivate a state of conscious awareness

Psychoanalysis

 The primary focus of psychodynamic therapy is to uncover the unconscious content of a client’s psyche in order to alleviate psychic tension

Free Association

The client spontaneously reports thoughts, feelings, and mental images that come to mind (no censorship)

Resistance “Mental Blocks”

The patient’s conscious or unconscious attempt to block disturbing memories, motives, and experiences (sensitive material)

Transference

 The process by which a patient projects or transfers unresolved conflicts and feelings onto the therapist

Client-Centered Therapy

the most popular humanistic therapy, which views patients as “clients” and focuses on authenticity and healthy self-concept

Unconditional Positive

Regard, allow client to steer the direction of the therapy, clients have value

Active listening

 therapist listens to client, paraphrasing what the client says, prevents advice or judgements

Antidepressant Drugs

Elevate mood by affecting neurotransmitters such as serotonin that are linked to depression

SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

blocks the reuptake of serotonin

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT

A biological treatment in which a brain seizure is triggered as an electric current passes through electrodes attached to the patient’s forehead

**Deep Brian Stimulation**

**an invasive biomedical treatment that delivers electric shocks to the brain directly through an implanted electrode sometimes used for severe OCD**

\
**Wilhelm Wundt**

Structuralism , 

Father of Modern Psychology, First Psychology Experiment

G. Stanley Hall

First president of the American Psychological Association

Margaret Floy Washburn

First woman to complete her PhD in psychology

William James

Functionalism, Father of American Psychology, wrote *Principles of Psychology*

Charles Darwin

Evolutionary Perspective, Natural Selection/ Evolution Principles in On the *Origin of Species*

Mary Whiton Calkins

First woman president of the APA, denied PhD because she was a woman

Dorothea Dix

Historical Figure, y ill, advocate for the mentally ill, created first mental hospitals across US & Europe

Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalytic Perspective, Father of Psychoanalysis, Psychosexual Stages, Dream Analysis

Ivan Pavlov

Behavioral Perspective, Classical Conditioning